Interleukin-8 Receptor, alpha Identifiers Symbol| IL8RA Alt. symbols| CMKAR1, CXCR1, CKR-1, CDw128a, CD181 Other data Locus| Chr. 2 q35 Interleukin-8 Receptor, beta Identifiers Symbol| IL8RB Alt. symbols| CXCR2, CKR-2, CDw128b Other data Locus| Chr. 2 q35 ## Contents * 1 Overview * 2 Structure * 2.1 N-terminus activity * 2.2 C-terminus activity * 3 Expression and function * 4 References * 5 External links ## Overview[edit | edit source] The interleukin-8 receptors (IL-8R) are two 7-transmembrane proteins in the G-protein coupled-receptor family:[1] interleukin-8 receptor A (IL-8RA) and interleukin-8 receptor B (IL-8RB). These receptors are generally found on human neutrophils, a type of white blood cell of the myeloid lineage, with approximately 65,000 receptors per neutrophil.[1] Both receptors have a size of 60kDa,[2] are glycosylated (contains covalent attachments and modifications) and G-protein linked, and can cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels. Binding of Interleukin 8 leads to activation of the cell (commonly a neutrophil), allowing it to recruit more white blood cells to the site of Interleukin 8 release and to produce enzymes that would assist in the destruction of foreign material at the site of infection[3][4] ## Structure[edit | edit source] File:Interleukin-8 Receptor A.png A ribbon-cartoon model of IL-8RA. IL-8RB is nearly identical in appearance. The N-terminus is located at the blue end of the ribbon and the C-terminus is at the red end. IL-8 receptors are 7-transmembrane proteins; they contain 7 alpha helices that each span the thickness of the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane. IL-8RA is a peptide of 350 amino acids, and IL-8RB is composed of 355 amino acids.[2] Receptors A and B share 78% of their sequence identity, and are considered to be the only two biologically significant receptors of IL-8.[5] The genes for both receptors are located on chromosome 2q35[5] and are each encoded by a single exon, and are 20 kb apart in distance. The close proximity and location of these two genes on the chromosome suggest that they are derived from the same ancestor sequence.[1] The reported size of the translated protein is approximately 40kD,[6] differing from the native purified receptors from the surface of neutrophils by 20kD. This difference could be due to the N-terminus glycosylations that occur post-translation and contribute to an increase in apparent size of the mature receptor.[6] ### N-terminus activity[edit | edit source] The amino terminus of the receptors is located on the extracellular side of the protein, and function to determine the binding specificity of ligands to the receptor. The N-terminus of both receptors A and B are rich in acidic residues, which correlate to their high binding affinities for IL-8, which is rich in basic residues. Asp11 on the N-terminus, Glu275 and Arg280 (both on the loop between the 7th and 6th transmembrane domains) are the three main peptide residues that participate in ligand binding on IL-8A. IL-8B shows a similar binding structure.[2] These three residues are brought close together via a disulfide bridge.[1] ### C-terminus activity[edit | edit source] The carboxyl terminus of the receptors is located on the intracellular side of the protein, and is rich in serine and threonine residues (a characteristic of many proteins of the 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor family). The C-terminus is a target for phosphorylation and exhibits kinase activity. This is the beginning of signaling pathways and phosphorylation cascades to recruit neutrophils and angiogenesis, the development and growth of new blood vessels.[2] ## Expression and function[edit | edit source] File:Neutrophil in a blood smear.jpg A neutrophil in among a population of red blood cells. Neutrophils are the main target cells for IL-8, and contain a large number of IL-8 receptors on their cell surfaces. Binding causes a neutrophil to migrate to the site of infection. Both IL-8RA and IL-8RB are expressed in neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, basophils, T-lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-8RB is expressed additionally in neurons of the central nervous system. IL-8RA is highly specific for interleukin-8 and only responds when this particular ligand is bound to its receptor site, exhibiting "specific" binding behavior. IL-8RB binds to IL-8 with the same affinity as IL-8RA, but also binds to neutrophil-activating protein 2 (NAP-2) and other small receptor molecules of the CXC chemokine family with lower affinity than IL-8 binding, exhibiting a "shared" binding behavior.[1] Chemokines are a class of small molecules that induce the recruitment of leukocytes and stimulate pro-inflammatory responses; the responsiveness of IL-8R to chemokines suggests that is heavily involved in recruitment of white blood cells for inflammatory and immunological response purposes.[4] The binding of IL-8 to the receptor induces the following three main responses in neutrophils, all of which assist a neutrophil in developing molecular mechanisms to target and kill pathogens: shape and conformational change of the neutrophil (which allows for transendothelial migration of the cell), degranulation (causing the release of enzymes within the cell), and the dissociation of heterotrimeric G-proteins (a typical effect of ligands binding to 7TM G-protein coupled receptors), thereby activating them.[4] The activation of G-proteins leads to signal transduction and phosphorylation cascades, with the ultimate affect of changing gene expression of the neutrophil to allow for recruitment of other white blood cells to the local area.[3] ## References[edit | edit source] 1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Baggiolini, M.; Clark-Lewis, I. (1992-07-27). "Interleukin-8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine". FEBS Letters. 307 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80909-z. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 1639201. 2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Horuk, R. (1994-04-01). "The interleukin-8-receptor family: from chemokines to malaria". Immunology Today. 15 (4): 169–174. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(94)90314-X. ISSN 0167-5699. PMID 8198708. 3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beckmann MP, Gayle RB, Cerretti DP, March CJ, Srinivasan S, Sleath PR (1993). "Structural and functional characterization of the interleukin-8 receptors". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 351: 155–69. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2952-1_17. ISBN 978-0-306-44710-5. PMID 7942293. 4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Baggiolini M, Loetscher P, Moser B (1995). "Interleukin-8 and the chemokine family". Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 17 (2): 103–8. doi:10.1016/0192-0561(94)00088-6. PMID 7657403. 5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Brat, Daniel J.; Bellail, Anita C.; Van Meir, Erwin G. (2017-05-25). "The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors in gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis". Neuro-Oncology. 7 (2): 122–133. doi:10.1215/S1152851704001061. ISSN 1522-8517. PMC 1871893. PMID 15831231. 6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Holmes, William E. "Structure and Functional Expression of a Human Interleukin-8 Receptor". Science - via ProQuest. ## External links[edit | edit source] * Receptors,+Interleukin-8 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) * v * t * e Cytokine receptors Chemokine receptor (GPCRs)| | CC| * CCR1 / CCRL1 * CCR2 * CCRL2 * CCR3 * CCR4 * CCR5 * CCR6 * CCR7 * CCR8 * CCR9 * CCR10 | CXC| * IL-8 * CXCR1 * CXCR2 * CXCR3 * CXCR4 * CXCR5 * CXCR6 * CXCR7 Other| * CX3C * CX3CR1 * XC * XCR1 * CCBP2 * CMKLR1 TNF receptor| | 1-10| * TNFR1 (TNFRSF1A) * TNFR2 (TNFRSF1B) * LTBR (TNFRSF3) * CD134 (TNFRSF4) * CD40 (TNFRSF5) * Fas receptor (TNFRSF6) * DcR3 (TNFRSF6B) * CD27 (TNFRSF7) * CD30 (TNFRSF8) * CD137 (TNFRSF9) | 11-20| * DR4 (TNFRSF10A) * DR5 (TNFRSF10B) * DcR1 (TNFRSF10C) * DcR2 (TNFRSF10D) * RANK (TNFRSF11A) * Osteoprotegerin (TNFRSF11B) * TweakR (TNFRSF12A) * TACI (TNFRSF13B) * BAFFR (TNFRSF13C) * HVEM (TNFRSF14) * NGFR (TNFRSF16) * BCMA (TNFRSF17) * GITR (TNFRSF18) * TAJ/TROY (TNFRSF19) 21-27| * DR6 (TNFRSF21) * DR3 (TNFRSF25) * EDA2R (TNFRSF27) JAK-STAT| | Type I| | γ-chain| * Interleukin receptors * IL2R / IL2RA/IL2RB / IL15R * IL4R / IL13R / IL13RA1 / IL13RA2 * IL7R / IL7RA * IL9R * IL21R | β-chain| * Interleukin receptors * IL3R / IL3RA * IL5R / IL5RA * GM-CSF gp130| * Interleukin receptors * IL6RA * 11/IL11RA * 27/IL27RA * OSMR * LIFR * CNTFR IL12RB1| * Interleukin receptors * IL12R/IL12RB1/IL12RB2 * IL23R23 Other| * other CSF receptors * EPO * G-CSF * Thrombopoietin * hormone receptor: GH * prolactin Type II| * Interleukin receptors * IL10R / IL10RA / IL10RB / IL22R / IL22RA1 / IL22RA2 * IL20R / IL20RA / IL20RB * IL28R * Interferon receptors * -α/β / IFNAR1/IFNAR2 * -γ/IFNGR1 / IFNGR2 Ig superfamily| * CSF1 * KIT * IL1 * IL1R1 * IL1R2 * IL18R / IL18R1 IL 17 family| * IL17 * IL17RA * IL17RB * IL17RC * IL17RD * IL17RE S/T| * TGF-beta * TGFBR1 * TGFBR2 * v * t * e Chemokine receptor modulators CC| | CCR1| * Agonists: CCL4 (MIP-1β) * CCL5 (RANTES) * CCL6 * CCL9 (CCL10) * CCL14 * CCL15 * CCL16 * CCL23 | CCR2| * Agonists: CCL2 * CCL8 * CCL12 * CCL16 * NAMs: Cenicriviroc (TAK-652, TBR-652) CCR3| * Agonists: CCL5 (RANTES) * CCL7 * CCL11 * CCL13 * CCL15 * CCL18 * CCL24 * CCL26 * CCL28 CCR4| * Agonists: CCL3 (MIP-1α) * CCL5 (RANTES) * CCL17 * CCL22 * Antibodies: Mogamulizumab (against CCR4) CCR5| * Agonists: CCL3 (MIP-1α) * CCL4 (MIP-1β) * CCL5 (RANTES) * CCL8 * CCL11 * CCL13 * CCL14 * CCL16 * NAMs: Aplaviroc * Cenicriviroc (TAK-652, TBR-652) * INCB009471 * Maraviroc * Vicriviroc * Antibodies: PRO-140 CCR6| * Agonists: CCL20 CCR7| * Agonists: CCL19 * CCL21 CCR8| * Agonists: CCL1 * CCL16 CCR9| * Agonists: CCL25 CCR10| * Agonists: CCL27 * CCL28 CCR11| * Agonists: CCL19 * CCL21 * CCL25 Ungrouped| * Antibodies: Bertilimumab (against CCL11) * Carlumab (against CCL2) CXC| | CXCR1 (IL-8Rα)| * Agonists: CXCL6 * Emoctakin * Interleukin-8 (CXCL8, GCP-1) * Antagonists: Navarixin * NAMs: Ladarixin * Reparixin (repertaxin) | CXCR2 (IL-8Rβ)| * Agonists: CXCL1 (MGSA) * CXCL2 * CXCL3 * CXCL5 * CXCL6 * CXCL7 * Emoctakin * Garnocestim * Interleukin-8 (CXCL8, GCP-1) * Antagonists: Danirixin * Elubrixin * Navarixin * NAMs: Ladarixin * Reparixin (repertaxin) CXCR3| * Agonists: CXCL4 (PF4) * CXCL9 (MIG) * CXCL10 (IP-10) * CXCL11 (I-TAC) * Iroplact * Antibodies: Eldelumab (against CXCL10) CXCR4| * Agonists: MIF * SDF-1 (CXCL12) * Ubiquitin * Antagonists: Mavorixafor * Plerixafor (AMD3100) * Antibodies: Ulocuplumab (against CXCR4) CXCR5| * Agonists: CXCL13 CXCR6| * Agonists: CXCL16 CXCR7| * Agonists: CXCL11 (I-TAC) * SDF-1 (CXCL12) * PAMs: Plerixafor (AMD3100) C (XC)| | XCR1| * Agonists: Lymphotactin-α (XCL1) * Lymphotactin-β (XCL2) * Antibodies: Pateclizumab | CX3C| | CX3CR1| * Agonists: Fractalkine (CX3CL1) | Others| | CCBP2| * Agonists: CC (β) chemokines | CMKLR1| * Agonists: Chemerin * Resolvin E1 See also Receptor/signaling modulators Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators Cytokine receptor modulators * v * t * e Interleukin receptor modulators IL-1| * Agonists: Interleukin 1 (α, β) * Mobenakin * Pifonakin * Antagonists: AF-12198 * Anakinra * IL-1RA * Isunakinra * Antibodies: Canakinumab * Gevokizumab * Lutikizumab * Decoy receptors: Rilonacept (IL-1 Trap) IL-2| * Agonists: Adargileukin alfa * Aldesleukin * Celmoleukin * Denileukin diftitox * Interleukin 2 * Pegaldesleukin * Teceleukin * Tucotuzumab celmoleukin * Antibodies: Basiliximab * Daclizumab (dacliximab) * Inolimomab IL-3| * Agonists: Daniplestim * Interleukin 3 * Leridistim * Milodistim * Muplestim * Promegapoietin IL-4| * Agonists: Binetrakin * Interleukin 4 * Interleukin 13 * Antagonists: Pitrakinra * Antibodies: Dupilumab * Pascolizumab IL-5| * Agonists: Interleukin 5 * Antagonists: YM-90709 * Antibodies: Benralizumab * Mepolizumab * Reslizumab * Antisense oligonucleotides: TPI ASM8 IL-6| * Agonists: Atexakin alfa * Interleukin 6 * Antibodies: ARGX-109 * Clazakizumab * Elsilimomab * mAb 1339 * Olokizumab * Sarilumab * Siltuximab * Sirukumab * Tocilizumab IL-7| * Agonists: Interleukin 7 IL-8| * See CXCR1 (IL-8Rα) and CXCR2 (IL-8Rβ) here instead. IL-9| * Agonists: Interleukin 9 * Antibodies: Enokizumab IL-10| * Agonists: Ilodecakin * Interleukin 10 (CSIF) IL-11| * Agonists: Interleukin 11 (AGIF) * Oprelvekin IL-12| * Agonists: Edodekin alfa * Interleukin 12 * Antibodies: Briakinumab * Ustekinumab IL-13| * Agonists: Binetrakin * Cintredekin besudotox * Interleukin 4 * Interleukin 13 * Antibodies: Anrukinzumab * Lebrikizumab * Tralokinumab IL-15| * Agonists: ALT-803 * Interleukin 15 IL-17| * Agonists: Interleukin 17 (A, B, C, D, E (interleukin 25), F) * Antibodies: Brodalumab * Ixekizumab * Perakizumab * Remtolumab * Secukinumab * Vunakizumab IL-18| * Agonists: Iboctadekin * Interleukin 18 * Interleukin 37 * Tadekinig * Binding proteins: IL18BP IL-20| * Agonists: Interleukin 19 * Interleukin 20 * Interleukin 24 * Antibodies: Fletikumab (against IL-20) IL-21| * Agonists: Denenicokin * Interleukin 21 * Antibodies: NNC0114-0005 * NNC0114-0006 IL-22| * Agonists: Interleukin 22 * Antibodies: Fezakinumab (against IL-22) IL-23| * Agonists: Interleukin 23 (SGRF) * Antibodies: Brazikumab * Briakinumab * Guselkumab * Tildrakizumab * Ustekinumab IL-27| * Agonists: Interleukin 27 (interleukin 30) IL-28| * Agonists: Interferon λ4 (IFN-λ4) * Interleukin 28 (A (IFN-λ2), B (IFN-λ3)) * Interleukin-29 (IFN-λ1) IL-31| * Agonists: Interleukin 31 IL1RL1| * Agonists: Interleukin 33 IL1RL2| * Agonists: Interleukin 36 (α, β, γ) * Interleukin 38 * Antagonists: IL-36RA Others| | JAK| * See here instead. | Others| * Interleukin 14 (taxilin alpha, HMW-BCGF) * Interleukin 16 (signals through CD4) * Interleukin 24 (signals through IL-22Rα1/IL-20Rβ heterodimer) * Interleukin 26 (signals through IL-20Rα/IL-10Rβ heterodimer) * Interleukin 32 * Interleukin 34 (signals through M-CSFR/CSF1R) * Interleukin 35 * Unsorted: Efavaleukin alfa * Efineptakin alfa See also Receptor/signaling modulators Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators Cytokine receptor modulators *[v]: View this template *[t]: Discuss this template *[e]: Edit this template