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In this Chinese name, the family name is  Ma (馬).

Letter from the Empress Dowager Wang (the "honorary mother" of the Yongli Emperor) to the Pope with a request for help. November 1650. Latin translation by Michał Boym.

Empress Dowager Ma (1578–1669), personal name unknown, formally known as Empress Dowager Zhaosheng (Chinese: 昭聖太后), was an empress dowager of the Chinese Southern Ming dynasty.[1] She was the birth mother of the Yongli Emperor. She converted to Roman Catholicism and adopted the name Maria.

## References[edit]

1. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911