Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens ARL4D Identifiers Aliases| ARL4D, ARF4L, ARL6, ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 4D External IDs| OMIM: 600732 MGI: 1933155 HomoloGene: 1255 GeneCards: ARL4D | Gene location (Human) Chr.| Chromosome 17 (human)[1] Band| 17q21.31| Start| 43,398,993 bp[1] End| 43,401,137 bp[1] | Gene location (Mouse) Chr.| Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2] Band| 11|11 D| Start| 101,556,367 bp[2] End| 101,558,658 bp[2] | RNA expression pattern Bgee| | Human| Mouse (ortholog) | | Top expressed in * vena cava * oocyte * parotid gland * right lobe of liver * left lobe of thyroid gland * nipple * right lobe of thyroid gland * skin of abdomen * kidney * body of tongue | Top expressed in * medial ganglionic eminence * seminal vesicula * left lobe of liver * yolk sac * retinal pigment epithelium * myocardium of ventricle * islet of Langerhans * olfactory tubercle * uterus * piriform cortex More reference expression data BioGPS| | More reference expression data | Gene ontology Molecular function| * nucleotide binding * GTP binding * protein binding * GTPase activity Cellular component| * cytoplasm * plasma membrane * nucleolus * intracellular anatomical structure * membrane * nucleus Biological process| * protein secretion * intracellular protein transport * vesicle-mediated transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGO | Orthologs Species| Human| Mouse Entrez| | 379 80981 Ensembl| | ENSG00000175906 ENSMUSG00000034936 UniProt| | P49703 Q99PE9 RefSeq (mRNA)| | NM_001661 NM_025404 RefSeq (protein)| | NP_001652 NP_079680 Location (UCSC)| Chr 17: 43.4 – 43.4 Mb| Chr 11: 101.56 – 101.56 Mb PubMed search| [3]| [4] Wikidata | View/Edit Human| View/Edit Mouse | ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 4D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARL4D gene.[5][6] ## Contents * 1 Function * 2 Model organisms * 3 References * 4 External links * 5 Further reading ## Function[edit] ADP-ribosylation factor 4D is a member of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARL4D is closely similar to ARL4A and ARL4C and each has a nuclear localization signal and an unusually high guanine nucleotide exchange rate. This protein may play a role in membrane-associated intracellular trafficking. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS).[6] ## Model organisms[edit] Arl4d knockout mouse phenotype Characteristic | Phenotype | Homozygote viability | Normal Fertility | Normal Body weight | Normal Anxiety | Normal Neurological assessment | Normal Grip strength | Normal Hot plate | Normal Dysmorphology | Normal Indirect calorimetry | Normal Glucose tolerance test | Normal Auditory brainstem response | Normal DEXA | Abnormal[7] Radiography | Abnormal[8] Body temperature | Normal Eye morphology | Normal Clinical chemistry | Normal Haematology | Normal Peripheral blood lymphocytes | Abnormal[9] Micronucleus test | Normal Heart weight | Abnormal[10] Skin Histopathology | Normal Brain histopathology | Abnormal Eye Histopathology | Normal Salmonella infection | Normal[11] Citrobacter infection | Normal[12] All tests and analysis from[13][14] Model organisms have been used in the study of ARL4D function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Arl4dtm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi[15][16] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[17][18][19] Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[13][20] Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and significant abnormalities were observed.[13] Homozygous mutant females had decreased bone mineral content, heart weight, lean body mass and CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell number. Males had abnormal rib morphology with vertebral transformation. Both sexes displayed a reduction in dorsal third ventricle area and hippocampal area.[13] ## References[edit] 1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000175906 \- Ensembl, May 2017 2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000034936 \- Ensembl, May 2017 3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 5. ^ Smith SA, Holik PR, Stevens J, Melis R, White R, Albertsen H (Jul 1995). "Isolation and mapping of a gene encoding a novel human ADP-ribosylation factor on chromosome 17q12-q21". Genomics. 28 (1): 113–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1115. PMID 7590735. 6. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: ARL4D ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4D". 7. ^ "DEXA data for Arl4d". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 8. ^ "Radiography data for Arl4d". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 9. ^ "Peripheral blood lymphocytes data for Arl4d". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 10. ^ "Heart weight data for Arl4d". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 11. ^ "Salmonella infection data for Arl4d". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 12. ^ "Citrobacter infection data for Arl4d". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 13. ^ a b c d Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x. S2CID 85911512. 14. ^ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. 15. ^ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium". 16. ^ "Mouse Genome Informatics". 17. ^ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750. 18. ^ Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718. 19. ^ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247. S2CID 18872015. 20. ^ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biology. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353. ## External links[edit] * Human ARL4D genome location and ARL4D gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. * Human ARL6 genome location and ARL6 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ## Further reading[edit] * Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, Liu Q, Cochran C, Bennett LM, Ding W (Oct 1994). "A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1". Science. 266 (5182): 66–71. Bibcode:1994Sci...266...66M. doi:10.1126/science.7545954. PMID 7545954. * Harshman K, Bell R, Rosenthal J, Katcher H, Miki Y, Swenson J, Gholami Z, Frye C, Ding W, Dayananth P (Aug 1995). "Comparison of the positional cloning methods used to isolate the BRCA1 gene". Human Molecular Genetics. 4 (8): 1259–66. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.8.1259. PMID 7581362. * Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548. * Jacobs S, Schilf C, Fliegert F, Koling S, Weber Y, Schürmann A, Joost HG (Aug 1999). "ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-like 4, 6, and 7 represent a subgroup of the ARF family characterization by rapid nucleotide exchange and a nuclear localization signal". FEBS Letters. 456 (3): 384–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00759-0. PMID 10462049. S2CID 84422541. * Ingley E, Williams JH, Walker CE, Tsai S, Colley S, Sayer MS, Tilbrook PA, Sarna M, Beaumont JG, Klinken SP (Oct 1999). "A novel ADP-ribosylation like factor (ARL-6), interacts with the protein-conducting channel SEC61beta subunit". FEBS Letters. 459 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01188-6. PMID 10508919. S2CID 30948975. * Nonaka Y, Tsuda N, Shichijo S, Ito M, Maeda Y, Harada M, Kamura T, Shigemori M, Itoh K (Oct 2002). "Recognition of ADP-ribosylation factor 4-like by HLA-A2-restricted and tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes from patients with brain tumors". Tissue Antigens. 60 (4): 319–27. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.600406.x. PMID 12472661. * Chiang AP, Nishimura D, Searby C, Elbedour K, Carmi R, Ferguson AL, Secrist J, Braun T, Casavant T, Stone EM, Sheffield VC (Sep 2004). "Comparative genomic analysis identifies an ADP-ribosylation factor-like gene as the cause of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS3)". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (3): 475–84. doi:10.1086/423903. PMC 1182025. PMID 15258860. * Fan Y, Esmail MA, Ansley SJ, Blacque OE, Boroevich K, Ross AJ, Moore SJ, Badano JL, May-Simera H, Compton DS, Green JS, Lewis RA, van Haelst MM, Parfrey PS, Baillie DL, Beales PL, Katsanis N, Davidson WS, Leroux MR (Sep 2004). "Mutations in a member of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins causes Bardet-Biedl syndrome". Nature Genetics. 36 (9): 989–93. doi:10.1038/ng1414. PMID 15314642. * Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026. * Hofmann I, Thompson A, Sanderson CM, Munro S (Apr 2007). "The Arl4 family of small G proteins can recruit the cytohesin Arf6 exchange factors to the plasma membrane". Current Biology. 17 (8): 711–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.007. PMID 17398095. S2CID 1341183.