American animal behavior scientist, author, and autism activist Temple Grandin Grandin in 2011 Born| Mary Temple Grandin[1] (1947-08-29) August 29, 1947 (age 75) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Alma mater| * Franklin Pierce University (BA) * Arizona State University (MS) * University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (PhD) Known for| * Livestock industry consultancy * Autism rights activism Scientific career Fields| * Animal science * autism rights Institutions| Colorado State University Author abbrev. (zoology)| Grandin Website| templegrandin.com Mary Temple Grandin (born August 29, 1947) is an American academic and animal behaviorist. She is a prominent proponent for the humane treatment of livestock for slaughter and the author of more than 60 scientific papers on animal behavior. Grandin is a consultant to the livestock industry, where she offers advice on animal behavior, and is also an autism spokesperson.[2] Grandin is one of the first autistic people to document the insights she gained from her personal experience of autism. She is currently a faculty member with Animal Sciences in the College of Agricultural Sciences at Colorado State University. In 2010, Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, named her in the "Heroes" category.[3] She was the subject of the Emmy- and Golden Globe-winning biographical film Temple Grandin. Grandin has been an outspoken proponent of autism rights and neurodiversity movements. ## Early life[edit] ### Family[edit] Mary Temple Grandin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, into a very wealthy family. One of the employees of the family was also named Mary, so Grandin was referred to by her middle name, Temple, to avoid confusion.[4] Her mother is Anna Eustacia Purves (now Cutler), an actress, singer, and granddaughter of John Coleman Purves (co-inventor of the aviation autopilot). She also has a degree in English from Harvard University.[5] Her father was Richard McCurdy Grandin,[6][7] a real estate agent and heir to the largest corporate wheat farm business in the United States at the time, Grandin Farms.[8] Grandin's parents divorced when she was 15, and her mother eventually went on to marry Ben Cutler, a renowned New York saxophonist,[9] in 1965, when Grandin was 18 years old. Grandin's father died in California in 1993. Grandin has three younger siblings: two sisters and a brother. Grandin has described one of her sisters as being dyslexic. Her younger sister is an artist, her other sister is a sculptor, and her brother is a banker.[8][10] John Livingston Grandin (Temple's paternal great-grandfather) and his brother William James Grandin, were French Huguenots who drilled for oil. He intended to cut a deal with John D. Rockefeller in a meeting, but the latter kept him waiting too long so he walked out before Rockefeller arrived. Then the brothers went into banking and when Jay Cooke's firm collapsed they received thousands of acres of undeveloped land in North Dakota as debt collateral. They set up wheat farming in the Red River Valley and housed the workers in dormitories. The town of Grandin, North Dakota, is named after John Livingston Grandin.[5][11] Although raised in the Episcopal Church, early on Temple Grandin gave up on a belief in a personal deity or intention in favor of what she considers a more scientific perspective.[12] ### Diagnosis[edit] Grandin was not formally diagnosed with autism until her adulthood. When she was two, the only formal diagnosis given to her was "brain damage",[13][14] a finding finally dismissed through cerebral imaging at the University of Utah by the time she turned 63 in 2010.[15] While Grandin was still in her mid-teens, her mother chanced upon a diagnostic checklist for autism. After reviewing the checklist, Grandin's mother hypothesised that Grandin's symptoms were best explained by the disorder. Grandin was later determined to be an autistic savant.[13][16][17][18][19] ### Early childhood[edit] Grandin's mother took her to the world's leading special needs researchers at the Boston Children's Hospital, with the hope of unearthing an alternative to institutionalization. Grandin's mother eventually located a neurologist who suggested a trial of speech therapy. A speech therapist was hired and Grandin received personalized training from the age of two and a half.[20] A nanny was hired when Grandin was aged three to play educational games for hours with her. Grandin started kindergarten in Dedham Country Day School. Her teachers and class tried to create an environment to accommodate Grandin's needs and sensitivities. Grandin considers herself fortunate to have had supportive mentors from elementary school onward. Even so, Grandin states that junior high and high school were the most unpleasant times of her life.[21] The medical advice at the time for a diagnosis of autism was to recommend institutionalization, a measure that caused a bitter rift of opinion between Grandin's parents.[14] Her father was keen to follow this advice, while her mother was strongly opposed to the idea as it likely would have caused her to never be able to see her daughter again. ### Middle school and high school[edit] Grandin attended Beaver Country Day School from seventh grade to ninth grade. She was expelled at the age of 14 for throwing a book at a schoolmate who had taunted her. Grandin has described herself as the "nerdy kid" whom everyone ridiculed. She has described occasions when she walked down the hallways and her fellow students would taunt her by saying "tape recorder" because of her habit of repetitive speech. Grandin states, "I could laugh about it now, but back then it really hurt."[22] The year after her expulsion, Grandin's parents divorced. Three years later, Grandin's mother married Ben Cutler, a New York saxophonist.[9] At 15, Grandin spent a summer on the Arizona ranch of Ben Cutler's sister, Ann, and this would become a formative experience toward her subsequent career interest. Several reports and sources cited the different names of the schools Grandin attended: Beaver Country Day School or Cherry Falls Girl’s School (the latter named in her first book, Emergence: Labeled Autistic); and Hampshire Country School or Mountain Day School (the latter called by Grandin in the early books). Following her expulsion from Beaver Country Day School, Grandin’s mother enrolled her at Hampshire Country School in Rindge, New Hampshire. That school was founded in 1948 by Boston child psychologist, Henry Patey, for the students of “exceptional potential (gifted) that have not been successful in a typical setting”. She was accepted there and became Winter Carnival Queen and captain of the hockey team. At HCS, Grandin met William Carlock, a science teacher who had worked for NASA, who became her mentor and helped her significantly toward building up her self-confidence.[23] It was Carlock who encouraged Grandin to develop her idea to build her squeeze machine when she returned from her aunt's farm in Arizona in her senior year of high school.[23] At the age of 18 when she was still attending Hampshire Country School, with Carlock's and school owner/founder Henry Patey's support, Grandin built the hug box.[24] Carlock's supportive role in Grandin's life continued even after she left Hampshire Country School. As a favor to Henry Patey, the President of the newly founded Franklin Pierce College (5 miles from Hampshire Country School) agreed to accept Temple as a student without the typical records and files of a typical High School student. When Grandin was facing criticism for her hug box at Franklin Pierce College, it was Carlock who suggested that Grandin undertake scientific experiments to evaluate the efficacy of the device.[23] It was his constant guidance to Grandin to refocus the rigid obsessions she experienced with the hug box into a productive assignment that subsequently allowed this study undertaken by Grandin to be widely cited as evidence of Grandin's resourcefulness. ### Higher education[edit] After she graduated from Hampshire Country School in 1966, Grandin went on to earn her bachelor's degree in human psychology from Franklin Pierce College in 1970, a master's degree in animal science from Arizona State University in 1975, and a doctoral degree in animal science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1989. ## Career[edit] Grandin is a prominent and widely cited proponent for the humane treatment of livestock for slaughter. She is internationally famous as a spokesperson on autism, as well.[25] ### Autism spectrum[edit] Neurodiversity paradigm A respectable Neurodiversity Pride flag. Due to an ongoing debate the colors 'blue' and 'purple' are excluded Philosophy * Bodily autonomy * Disability rights movement * Independent living movement * Self-advocacy Organizations * Aspies For Freedom * Autism Network International * Autistic Self Advocacy Network * National Autistic Society Events * Autism Acceptance Day & Month * Autism History Month * Autistic Pride Day * Autscape * Disability Day of Mourning * Weird Pride Day Issues * Ableism * Anti-autism * All in a Row * Applied behavior analysis * Augmentative and alternative communication * Autism-friendly * Autism Speaks * Communication Shutdown * Community integration * Controversies in autism * Deinstitutionalisation * Disability-selective abortion * Ethical challenges to autism treatment * Eugenics * Facilitated communication * Filicide * Inclusion in education * Inclusion as a right * Judge Rotenberg Educational Center * Ole Ivar Lovaas * Social model of disability * Societal and cultural aspects of autism * Universal Design for Learning People * Mel Baggs * Simon Baron-Cohen * Julia Bascom * Lydia Brown * William Davenport * Michelle Dawson * govy * Temple Grandin * Roy Richard Grinker * Morénike Giwa Onaiwu * Daniel Lightwing * Ari Ne'eman * Shain Neumeier * Alex Plank * John Elder Robison * Stephen Shore * Steve Silberman * Jim Sinclair * Greta Thunberg * Donna Williams Films * Citizen Autistic * Loving Lampposts * Neurotypical Criticism * Pro-cure perspective * National Council on Severe Autism * Matthew Belmonte * Manuel Casanova * Jill Escher * Michael Fitzpatrick * Bruce Hall * Thomas A. McKean * David Miedzianik * Jonathan Mitchell * Jonathan Shestack * Alison Singer * v * t * e Steve Silberman, in his book NeuroTribes, wrote that Temple Grandin helped break down years of shame and stigma because she was one of the first adults to publicly disclose that she was autistic. Bernard Rimland, a father of an autistic son and author of the book Infantile Autism, wrote the foreword to Grandin's first book Emergence: Labeled Autistic. Her book was published in 1986. Rimland wrote "Temple's ability to convey to the reader her innermost feelings and fears, coupled with her capacity for explaining mental processes will give the reader an insight into autism that very few have been able to achieve." In Developing Talents, 2nd Edition, Grandin explores many unnoticed aspects of vocational rehabilitation programs that provide job training and placement for people with disabilities, as well as Social Security Administration programs that offer vocational assistance. In her later book, Thinking in Pictures, published in 1995, the neurologist Oliver Sacks wrote at the end of the foreword that the book provided "a bridge between our world and hers, and allows us to glimpse into a quite other sort of mind." In her early writings, Grandin characterized herself as a recovered autistic and, in his foreword, Bernard Rimland used the term recovered autistic individual. In her later writings, she has abandoned this characterization. Steve Silberman wrote, "It became obvious to her, however, that she was not recovered but had learned with great effort to adapt to the social norms of the people around her." When her book Thinking in Pictures was written in 1995, Grandin thought that all individuals with autism thought in photographic-specific images the way she did. By the time the expanded edition was published in 2006, she had realized that it had been wrong to presume that every person with autism processed information in the same way she did. In the 2006 edition, she wrote that there were three types of specialized thinking. They were: 1. Visual Thinkers like she is, who think in photographically specific images. 2. Music and Math Thinkers – who think in patterns and may be good at mathematics, chess, and programming computers. 3. Verbal Logic Thinkers – who think in word details, and she noted that their favorite subject may be history. In one of her later books, The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum, the concept of three different types of thinking by autistic individuals is expanded. This book was published in 2013. An influential book that helped her to develop her concept of pattern thinking was Clara Claiborne Park's book entitled Exiting Nirvana: A Daughter's Life with Autism. It was published in 2001. The Autistic Brain also contains an extensive review of scientific studies that provide evidence that object-visual thinking is different from spatial-visualization abilities. Grandin became well-known beyond the American autistic community, after being described by Oliver Sacks in the title narrative of his book An Anthropologist on Mars (1995), for which he won a Polk Award. The title is derived from Grandin's characterization of how she feels around neurotypical people. In the mid-1980s Grandin first spoke in public about autism at the request of Ruth C. Sullivan, one of the founders of the Autism Society of America (ASA). Sullivan writes: > I first met Temple in the mid-1980s [at the] annual [ASA] conference. Standing on the periphery of the group was a tall young woman who was obviously interested in the discussions. She seemed shy and pleasant, but mostly she just listened. I learned her name was Temple Grandin. It wasn't until later in the week that I realized she was someone with autism. I approached her and asked if she'd be willing to speak at the next year's [ASA] conference. She agreed. The next year Temple first addressed an [ASA] audience. People were standing at least three deep. The audience couldn't get enough of her. Here, for the first time, was someone who could tell us from her own experience, what it was like to be extremely sound sensitive ("like being tied to the rail and the train's coming"). She was asked many questions: "Why does my son do so much spinning?" "Why does he hold his hands to his ears?" "Why doesn't he look at me?" She spoke from her own experience, and her insight was impressive. There were tears in more than one set of eyes that day. Temple quickly became a much sought-after speaker in the autism community.[26] Based on personal experience, Grandin advocates early intervention to address autism and supportive teachers, who can direct fixations of the child with autism in fruitful directions. She has described her hypersensitivity to noise and other sensory stimuli. She says words are her second language and that she thinks "totally in pictures", using her vast visual memory to translate information into a mental slideshow of images that may be manipulated or correlated.[27] Grandin attributes her success as a humane livestock facility designer to her ability to recall detail, which is a characteristic of her visual memory. Grandin compares her memory to full-length movies in her head, that may be replayed at will, allowing her to notice small details. She also is able to view her memories using slightly different contexts by changing the positions of the lighting and shadows. As a proponent of neurodiversity, Grandin does not support eliminating autism genes or treating mildly-autistic individuals.[28] However, she believes that autistic children who are severely disabled need therapy with applied behavioral analysis.[14] Additionally, she has claimed that she only will attend talks given by autistics who can hold down a career.[29] In March of every year, Grandin hosts a public event at Boston University.[30] The event was cancelled in March 2020 due to COVID-19.[31] ### Handling livestock[edit] In 1980 Grandin published her first two scientific articles on beef cattle behavior during handling: "Livestock Behavior as Related to Handling Facilities Design" in the International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, Vol. 1, pp. 33–52 and "Observations of Cattle Behavior Applied to the Design of Cattle Handling Facilities", Applied Animal Ethology, Vol. 6, pp. 19–31. She was one of the first scientists to report that animals are sensitive to visual distractions in handling facilities such as shadows, dangling chains, and other environmental details that most people do not notice. When she was awarded her Ph.D. at the University of Illinois, she studied the effects of environmental enrichment on pigs. The title of her dissertation was "Effect of Rearing Environment and Environmental Enrichment on the Behavior and Neural Development in Young Pigs". Grandin expanded her theories in her book, Animals Make Us Human. In 1993, she edited the first edition of Livestock Handling and Transport. Grandin wrote three chapters and included chapters from contributors from around the world. Subsequent editions of the book were published in 2000, 2007, and 2014. In her academic work as a professor at Colorado State University, her graduate student Bridgett Voisinet conducted one of the early studies that demonstrated that cattle who remained calm during handling had higher weight gains. In 1997, when the paper was published, this was a new concept. The paper is entitled, "Feedlot Cattle with Calm Temperaments Have Higher Average Daily Gains Than Cattle with Excitable Temperaments", published in The Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 75, pp. 892–896. Another important paper published by Grandin was, "Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport", Journal of Animal Science, 1997, Vol. 75, pp. 249-257. This paper presented the concept that an animal's previous experiences with handling could have an effect on how it will react to being handled in the future, as a new concept in the animal-handling industry. A major piece of equipment that Grandin developed was a center track (double rail) conveyor restrainer system for holding cattle during stunning at large beef slaughtering plants. The first system was installed in the mid-1980s for calves and a system for large beef cattle was developed in 1990. This equipment is now being used by many large meat companies. It is described in "Double Rail Restrainer Conveyor for Livestock Handling", first published in the Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol. 4, pp. 327–338 in 1988, and "Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve animal welfare on the farm, ranch, and slaughter plant", Applied Animal Behavior Science, Vol. 8, pp. 215–228, published in 2003. Grandin also developed an objective, numerical scoring system for assessing animal welfare at slaughtering plants. The use of this scoring system resulted in significant improvements in animal stunning and handling during slaughter. This work is described in "Objective scoring of animal handling and stunning practices in slaughter plants", Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 212, pp. 3–39, "The feasibility of using vocalization scoring as an indicator of poor welfare during slaughter", Applied Animal Behavior Science, Vol. 56, pp. 121–128, and "Effect of animal welfare audits of slaughter plants by a major fast food company on cattle handling and stunning practices", Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 216, pp. 848–851. In 2008, Grandin published Humane Livestock Handling[32] with contributions by Mark Deesing, a long time collaborator with her. The book contains a review of the main aspects of cattle behavior and provides a visual guide in the form of construction plans and diagrams for the implementation of Grandin's ideas relating to humane livestock handling. Many of her contributions to the field of handling livestock and the design of livestock handling systems advocated for in her books are available through her website as well. ### Other scientific contributions[edit] Grandin is the author or co-author of more than 60 peer-reviewed scientific papers on a variety of other animal behavior subjects. Some of the other subjects are the effect of hair whorl position on cattle behavior, the influence of stress prior to slaughter upon meat quality, religious slaughter, mothering behavior of beef cows, cattle temperament, and causes of bruising. ### Animal welfare[edit] Grandin has lectured widely about her first-hand experiences of the anxiety of feeling threatened by everything in her surroundings, and of being dismissed and feared, which motivates her work in humane livestock handling processes. She studied the behavior of cattle, how they react to ranchers, movements, objects, and light. Grandin then designed curved corrals she adapted with the intention of reducing stress, panic, and injury in animals being led to slaughter. This has proved to be a further point of criticism and controversy among animal activists who have questioned the congruence of a career built on animal slaughter alongside Grandin's claims of compassion and respect for animals. While her designs are widely used throughout the slaughterhouse industry, her claim of compassion for the animals is that because of her autism she can see the animals' reality from their viewpoint, that when she holds an animal's head in her hands as it is being slaughtered, she feels a deep connection to them.[33] Her business website promotes the improvement of standards for slaughterhouses and livestock farms. In 2004, Grandin won a "Proggy" award in the "Visionary" category, from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.[34] One of her notable essays about animal welfare is, "Animals Are Not Things",[35] in which she posits that technically, animals are property in society, but the law ultimately gives them ethical protections or rights. She compares the properties and rights of owning cattle, versus owning screwdrivers, enumerating how both may be used to serve human purposes in many ways, but when it comes to inflicting pain, there is a vital distinction between such "properties", because legally, a person can smash or grind up a screwdriver, but cannot torture an animal. Her insight into the minds of cattle has taught her to value the changes in details to which animals are particularly sensitive and to use her visualization skills to design thoughtful and humane animal-handling equipment. She was named a fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in 2009.[36] In 2012, when the American beef industry was struggling with public perception of its use and sale of pink slime, Grandin spoke out in support of the food product. She said, "It should be on the market. It should be labeled. We should not be throwing away that much beef."[37] Grandin's work has attracted the attention of philosophers interested in the moral status of animals. One view found in the academic literature[from whom?] is that Grandin's method of slaughter is a significant positive development for animals, but her attempts to formulate a moral defense of meat-eating have been less successful.[38] Temple Grandin at TED in February 2010 > I think using animals for food is an ethical thing to do, but we've got to do it right. We've got to give those animals a decent life, and we've got to give them a painless death. We owe the animals respect. > —Temple Grandin ## Personal life[edit] Grandin says that "the part of other people that has emotional relationships is not part of me", and she has neither married nor had children. She later stated that she preferred the science fiction, documentary, and thriller genre of films and television shows to more dramatic or romantic ones. Beyond her work in animal science and welfare and autism rights, her interests include horseback riding, science fiction, movies, and biochemistry. She has noted in her autobiographical works that autism affects every aspect of her life. Grandin has to wear comfortable clothes to counteract her sensory processing disorder and has structured her lifestyle to avoid sensory overload. She regularly takes antidepressants, but no longer uses her squeeze machine,[24] stating in February 2010 that: "It broke two years ago, and I never got around to fixing it. I'm into hugging people now."[39] When she was in boarding school, Temple Grandin chose to live a celibate life and, in an interview with The New York Times Magazine in 2013, stated, "Now I’m old enough to where sexual urges are all gone, and it’s like, good riddance."[40] ## Honors[edit] In 2010, Grandin was named in the Time 100 list of the one hundred most influential people in the world, in the "Heroes" category.[3] In 2011, she received a Double Helix Medal.[41] She has received honorary degrees from many universities including McGill University in Canada (1999), and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2009), Carnegie Mellon University in the United States (2012), and Emory University (2016).[42] In 2015, she was named an honorary fellow of the Society for Technical Communication.[43] In 2011, Grandin was awarded the Ashoka Fellowship. In 2012, Grandin was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.[44] In 2012, Grandin was inducted into the Texas Trail of Fame.[45] In 2012, she was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[46] Grandin received a Meritorious Achievement Award from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in 2015.[47] In 2016, Grandin was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[48] In 2017, Grandin was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[49][50][51] ## In popular culture[edit] Grandin has been featured on major media programs, such as Lisa Davis' It's Your Health, ABC's Primetime Live, the Today Show, Larry King Live, and Fresh Air with Terry Gross. She has been written up in Time magazine, People magazine, Discover magazine, Forbes, and The New York Times.[52][53] In 2012, Grandin was interviewed on Thriving Canine Radio to discuss "A Different Perspective on Animal Behavior". She was the subject of the Horizon documentary "The Woman Who Thinks Like a Cow", first broadcast by the BBC on June 8, 2006, and Nick News with Linda Ellerbee in the spring of 2006.[54] She also was the subject of the first episode in the series First Person by Errol Morris. Grandin is the focus of a semi-biographical HBO film entitled Temple Grandin,[55][56] starring Claire Danes as Grandin. The film was broadcast on February 6, 2010. The movie was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards and won seven awards, including Outstanding Television Movie and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Claire Danes.[57] Grandin was on stage as the award was accepted and she spoke briefly to the audience. Coincidentally, the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards happened on Grandin's birthday – August 29. On January 16, 2011, at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, Claire Danes won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film. Grandin was featured in Beautiful Minds: A Voyage Into the Brain, a documentary produced in 2006 by Colourfield Tell-A-Vision, a German company. She was named one of 2010's one hundred most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[3] In 2011, she was featured in an episode of the Science documentary series Ingenious Minds. In 2018, Grandin was featured in the documentary This Business of Autism, which explored autism employment and the success story of autism employers such as Spectrum Designs Foundation and was produced by Mesh Omnimedia.[58] She also was interviewed by Michael Pollan in his best-selling book, The Omnivore's Dilemma,[59] in which she discussed the livestock industry. Folk-punk band AJJ, formerly known as Andrew Jackson Jihad, included two songs called "Temple Grandin" and "Temple Grandin Too" on their LP Christmas Island. In 2017, Grandin was the focus of a children's book by author Julia Finlay Mosca titled The Girl Who Thought In Pictures, A Story of Temple Grandin.[60] In 2018, Grandin was profiled in the book Rescuing Ladybugs[61] by author and animal advocate Jennifer Skiff as a "global hero" for "standing her ground and fighting for change after witnessing the extreme mistreatment of animals" used in farming.[62] ## Publications[edit] * Emergence: Labeled Autistic (with Margaret Scariano, 1986, updated 1991), ISBN 0-446-67182-7 * The Learning Style of People with Autism: An Autobiography (1995). In Teaching Children with Autism : Strategies to Enhance Communication and Socialization, Kathleen Ann Quill, ISBN 0-8273-6269-2 * Thinking in Pictures: Other Reports from My Life with Autism (1996) ISBN 0-679-77289-8 * *Developing Talents: Careers for Individuals with Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism (2004). ISBN 1-931282-56-0 * Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior (with Catherine Johnson, 2005), ISBN 0-7432-4769-8 * The Unwritten Rules of Social Relationships: Decoding Social Mysteries Through the Unique Perspectives of Autism (with Sean Barron, 2005), ISBN 1-932565-06-X * The Way I See It: A Personal Look At Autism And Asperger's (2008), ISBN 9781932565720 * Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best life for Animals (with Catherine Johnson, 2009), ISBN 978-0-15-101489-7 * The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum (with Richard Panek, 2013), ISBN 978-0-547-63645-0 * The Loving Push: How Parents and Professionals Can Help Spectrum Kids Become Successful Adults (with Debra Moore Ph.D., 2016), ISBN 978-1941765203 * Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, Second Edition (with Mark Deesing, 2013), ISBN 978-0-12-394586-0 * Improving animal welfare: a practical approach (2010). ISBN 978-1-84593-541-2, CABI, UK * Livestock handling and transport (2007). ISBN 978-1-84593-219-0. CABI, UK. * Grandin, T. 2013. Making slaughterhouses more humane for cattle, pigs, and sheep. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 1:491-512. * Grandin, T. 2001. Cattle vocalizations are associated with handling and equipment problems at beef slaughter plants. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. Volume 71, 2001, Pg. 191–201. * Grandin, T. 1996. Factors That Impede Animal Movement at Slaughter Plants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 209 No.4:757-759. * Grandin, T. 1995. Restraint of Livestock. Proceedings: Animal Behaviour Design of Livestock and Poultry Systems International Conference (pages 208–223). Published by: Northeast Regional Agriculture Engineering Service. Cooperative Extension. 152 Riley – Robb Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853 USA. * Grandin, T. 1994. Euthanasia and Slaughter of Livestock. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 204:1354-1360. * Grandin, T. 1989 (Updated 1999). Behavioral Principles of Livestock Handling. Professional Scientist. December 1989 (pages 1–11). * Calling All Minds: How to Think and Create Like an Inventor (2018) ISBN 1524738204 * Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions (2022) ISBN 0593418360 ## See also[edit] * Animal welfare * Animal welfare science * Autism rights movement * Wendy Jacob * Societal and cultural aspects of autism * Temple Grandin (TV film) ## References[edit] 1. ^ Montgomery, Sy (April 3, 2012). Temple Grandin: How the Girl Who Loved Cows Embraced Autism and Changed the World. Houghton Mifflin Books for Children. ISBN 978-0547443157. 2. ^ "Temple Grandin: A Heroine to the Autism Community, Brings Humanity to Animal Science | American Association for the Advancement of Science". www.aaas.org. Retrieved November 10, 2022. 3. ^ a b c Hauser, Marc (April 29, 2010). "Temple Grandin". Time. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 4. ^ Cutler, Eustacia (2004). A Thorn in My Pocket: Temple Grandin's Mother Tells the Family Story. Future Horizons. p. 204. ISBN 9781932565164. 5. ^ a b Cutler, Eustacia (2004). "10". A Thorn in My Pocket: Temple Grandin's Mother Tells the Family Story. Future Horizons. ISBN 9781932565164. 6. ^ "Richard McCurdy Grandin". Geni.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 7. ^ "Anna Eustacia Purves". Geni.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 8. ^ a b Grandin, Temple. "Temple Grandin: An Inside View of Autism". Autism Research Institute. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 9. ^ a b "Ben Cutler, 96, Whose Bands Entertained the Society Set". The New York Times. January 15, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 10. ^ Cutler, Eustacia (2004). A Thorn in My Pocket: Temple Grandin's Mother Tells the Family Story. Future Horizons. p. 205. ISBN 9781932565164. 11. ^ Federal Writer's Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of North Dakota (1990). The WPA Guide To 1930s North Dakota (2nd ed.). State Historical Society of North Dakota. pp. 193–194. ISBN 978-1891419140. 12. ^ Sacks, Oliver (1996). An anthropologist on Mars: Seven paradoxical tales. New York: Vintage Books: A division of Penguin Random House, LLC. p. 282\. ISBN 9780345805881. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2017. 13. ^ a b Grandin, Temple; Scariano, Margaret M. (1996). Emergence: Labeled Autistic. Grand Central Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 9780446671828. 14. ^ a b c "Interview with Temple Grandin". January 2, 2006. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 15. ^ Grandin, Temple (2013). The Autistic Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547636450. 16. ^ Hughes, Virginia (October 14, 2012). "Researchers reveal first brain study of Temple Grandin". SpectrumNews.org. Simons Foundation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 17. ^ Nuwer, Rachel (October 17, 2012). "What Makes Temple Grandin's Brain Special?". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 18. ^ Stix, Gary (October 19, 2012). "A Little Hard Science from the Big Easy: Temple Grandin's Brain and Transgenic Sniffer Mice". ScientificAmerican.com. Springer Nature. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 19. ^ McGowan, Kat (March 13, 2013). "Exploring Temple Grandin's Brain". Discover Magazine. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 20. ^ White, Randall (2005). "Autism First-Hand: An Expert Interview with Temple Grandin". Medscape Psychiatry. Archived from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 21. ^ Grandin, Temple (1995). Thinking in Pictures: And Other Reports from My Life with Autism. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385477925. 22. ^ "Temple Grandin Inducted into Colorado Women's Hall of Fame". March 8, 2012. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 23. ^ a b c "How the squeeze machine came to be". Aspergers Test Site. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 24. ^ a b Grandin, Temple (Spring 1992). "Calming Effects of Deep Touch Pressure in Patients with Autistic Disorder, College Students, and Animals". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1089/cap.1992.2.63. PMID 19630623. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 25. ^ "Temple Grandin". apbspeakers.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 26. ^ Grandin, Temple (2008). The Way I See It: A Personal Look at Autism and Aspberger's. Future Horizons. ISBN 9781932565720. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 27. ^ Grandin, Temple (2009). "How does visual thinking work in the mind of a person with autism? A personal account". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 364 (1522): 1437–1442. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0297. PMC 2677580. PMID 19528028. 28. ^ "Edge.org". www.edge.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019. 29. ^ Sandison, Ron (April 13, 2017). "Temple Grandin To Autistic Adults: Get Your Butts Out Of The House And Get A Job". The Art of Autism. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 30. ^ "Renowned Autism Advocate and Scientist Temple Grandin to Speak at BU March 18". March 17, 2022. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022. 31. ^ "**Cancelled** Helping Different Kinds of Minds Solve Problems". March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022. 32. ^ Grandin, Temple. (2008). Humane livestock handling. Deesing, Mark. North Adams, MA: Storey Pub. ISBN 9781603420280. OCLC 176902393. 33. ^ Coe, Sue (2012). Cruel: bearing witness to animal exploitation. New York: OR Books. p. 64\. ISBN 978-1-935928-72-0. 34. ^ "2004 PETA Proggy Awards". PETA. September 9, 2004. Archived from the original on August 8, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 35. ^ "Animals are not things". Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 36. ^ "ASABE Fellows" (PDF). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 37. ^ Carman, Tim (May 23, 2012). "Animal scientist Temple Grandin supports 'pink slime'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 38. ^ Andy Lamey, "The Animal Ethics of Temple Grandin: A Protectionist Analysis," The Journal Of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 32 Issue 1, 2019. Open access version at https://philpapers.org/rec/LAMTAE-2 Archived August 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine 39. ^ Wallis, Claudia (February 4, 2010). "Temple Grandin on Temple Grandin". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 40. ^ "Temple Grandin on Autism, Death, Celibacy and Cows". The New York Times. April 12, 2013. 41. ^ "Double Helix Medals of 2011". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 42. ^ Grandin, Temple. "Temple Grandin Ph.D." Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 43. ^ "Recognition Monday: Temple Grandin Named Honorary Fellow". Society for Technical Communication. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 44. ^ "Temple Grandin". Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2019. 45. ^ "Temple Grandin". Western Heritage from the Texas Trail of Fame. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 46. ^ "Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019. 47. ^ "Opening of the 83rd General Session of the World Assembly of Delegates of the World Organisation for Animal Health". The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). May 24, 2015. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 48. ^ "American Academy of Arts and Sciences Elects 213 National and International Scholars, Artists, Philanthropists, and Business Leaders". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. April 20, 2016. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 49. ^ "Ten women added to National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls". September 17, 2017. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 50. ^ Dimas, Jennifer (February 10, 2017). "Temple Grandin named to the National Women's Hall of Fame". Colorado State University. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 51. ^ Sanchez, Hayley (February 18, 2017). "Temple Grandin will be inducted into National Women's Hall of Fame, Q&A". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 52. ^ "Temple Grandin, Ph.D." TempleGrandin.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 53. ^ Klinkenborg, Verlyn (May 1, 2005). "What Do Animals Think?". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 54. ^ "The Woman who thinks like a Cow". Horizon. BBC. November 2006. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 55. ^ Roybal, Joe (October 31, 2008). "Temple Grandin Talks About Her Upcoming HBO Biopic". BEEF Magazine. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 56. ^ Harris, Will (April 2, 2010). "A Chat with Temple Grandin". premiumhollywood.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 57. ^ "'Temple Grandin' Scores Big Emmy Win For HBO". CBSNews.com. August 30, 2010. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 58. ^ "This Business of Autism Debuts to Sold Out Crowd". June 6, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 59. ^ "A Teacher's Guide to the Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. 60. ^ Mosca, Julia (2017). The Girl Who Thought In Pictures, The story of Temple Grandin. ISBN 9781943147304. OCLC 966575841. 61. ^ Skiff, Jennifer (2018). Rescuing Ladybugs: Inspirational Encounters with Animals That Changed the World. New World Library. ISBN 9781608685028. 62. ^ Skiff, Jennifer (2018). Rescuing Ladybugs: Inspirational Encounters with Animals That Changed the World. New World Library. p. 170\. ISBN 9781608685028. ## Further reading[edit] * Oliver Sacks, An anthropologist on Mars, The New Yorker, 1993, and later in An anthropologist on Mars: Seven paradoxical tales, Vintage Books, Penguin Random House, LLC, New York, 1996, ISBN 9780345805881. * Andy Lamey, "The Animal Ethics of Temple Grandin: A Protectionist Analysis", The Journal Of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 32 Issue 1, 2019. * Temple Did It, and I Can Too!: Seven Simple Life Rules by Jennifer Gilpin Yacio * The Girl Who Thought in Pictures: The Story of Dr. Temple Grandin by Julia Finley Mosca * How to Build a Hug: Temple Grandin and her Amazing Squeeze Machine by Amy Guglielmo * Temple Grandin: How the Girl Who Loved Cows Embraced Autism and Changed the World by Sy Montgomery ## External links[edit] Temple Grandin at Wikipedia's sister projects * Media from Commons * Quotations from Wikiquote * Data from Wikidata * Official website * Temple Grandin's Official Autism Website * Temple Grandin at IMDb * Appearances on C-SPAN * Temple Grandin at TED * An Interview With Dr. Temple Grandin, from September 2013 * v * t * e Animal welfare Issues| * Abandoned pets * Blood sports * Chick culling * Cormorant culling * Livestock dehorning * Eating live animals * Eating live seafood * Intensive animal farming * Intensive pig farming * Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals * Dairy farming * Poultry farming * Puppy mill * Welfare of farmed insects * Wild animal suffering * Wildlife farming Concepts| * Abnormal behaviours in animals * Animal psychopathology * Animal shelter * Animal welfare science * Anthrozoology * Behavioral enrichment * Compassionate conservation * Conservation welfare * Ethics of uncertain sentience * Ethical omnivorism * Intrinsic value (animal ethics) * Rescue group * Three Rs principles * Welfare biology Pain in nonhuman animals| * Pain in animals * Pain in amphibians * Pain in cephalopods * Pain in crustaceans * Pain in fish * Pain in invertebrates * Grimace scale Organisations| * Animal welfare organizations * Animal welfare organizations by country * Compassion in World Farming * HSUS * International Society for Applied Ethology * List of animal welfare organizations * RSPCA * Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals * UFAW Publications| * Our Dumb Animals * Animal welfare Activists and workers| | Contemporary| * Michael C. Appleby * Cynthia Bathurst * Christa Blanke * Jan Cameron * Kendra Coulter * Brian Davies * Peter Ronald Davies * Alanna Devine * Celia Hammond * Brian Hare * Philip Lymbery * Damien Mander * Wayne Pacelle * Naomi Sagara * Sepehr Salimi * Adolfo Sansolini * Patti Strand | Historical| * Gertrude Ansell * Emily Appleton * Madeleine Bemelmans * Henry Bergh * Roger A. Caras * Maria Dickin * Alice Drakoules * Sarah J. Eddy * Aida McAnn Flemming * Julia Goddard * Robert Gower * George Greenwood * Peter Gurney * Velma Bronn Johnston * Rachel Hirschfeld * Albert Knapp * Titus Lander * Carla Lane * Richard Martin * Shirley McGreal * Harriet Nevins * Eliza Phillips * Maude Gillette Phillips * Samuel Jackson Pratt * Wilfred Risdon * Peter Roberts * Catherine Smithies * Thomas Bywater Smithies * Herbert Snow * Ellin Prince Speyer * Christine Stevens * Mary Tealby * Ethel Venton * Jessey Wade * Franz Weber * Alice Morgan Wright * Caroline Earle White * Gretchen Wyler Scholars and writers| | Contemporary| * Jonathan Balcombe * Michael Balls * Marc Bekoff * Donald Broom * Marian Dawkins * Bruce Fogle * Jeremy Marchant Forde * Jane Goodall * Temple Grandin * Jane Hurst * Barbara J. King * Alistair Lawrence * Jeff McMahan * Daniel Mills * Sy Montgomery * Virginia Morell * Clare Palmer * Dale Peterson * Jessica Pierce * Diana Reiss * Carl Safina * Matthew Scully * Jennifer Skiff * Frans de Waal | Historical| * George T. Angell * Patrick Bateson * Ernest Bell * Edward Berdoe * Arthur Broome * Stephen Coleridge * Christian Adam Dann * J. Morewood Dowsett * Audrey Eyton * Ralph Fletcher * Ruth Harrison * C. W. Hume * E. Douglas Hume * James Macaulay * Basheer Ahmad Masri * Francis Orpen Morris * George Nicholson * Charles Reinhardt * Francis H. Rowley * W. M. S. Russell * Chris Sherwin * Colin Spedding * William O. Stillman * Bell Taylor * Ernst von Weber * D. G. M. Wood-Gush * Hugh Wirth * William Youatt Categories| * Animal advocacy parties * Animal killing * Animal rights * Animal welfare and rights legislation * Animal sacrifice * Animal sanctuaries * Animal testing * Animal welfare and rights by country * Cruelty to animals * Dishes involving the consumption of live animals * Fur trade * People associated with animal welfare * Whaling Religious considerations| * Dhabihah * Jhatka * Kutha * Shechita * Tza'ar ba'alei chayim Rituals and festivals| * Blessing of animals * Bous al carrer * Cock throwing * Combat de Reines * Eid al-Adha * Gadhimai festival * Goat throwing * Goose pulling * International Primate Day * Kapparot * Lychee and Dog Meat Festival * Monkey Buffet Festival * October Horse * Pushkar Camel Fair * Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo * Running of the Bulls * Surin Elephant Round-up * Toro embolado * World Animal Day Legislation| * Animal testing regulations * Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK) * Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ) * Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US) * EU Directive 2010/63/EU (EU) * EU Directive 1999/74/EC (EU) * Horse Protection Act of 1970 (US) * Hunting Act 2004 (US) * List of international animal welfare conventions * Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 (Philippines) Related| * List of animal rights advocates * Category * v * t * e Inductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame 1970–1979 | 1973| * Jane Addams * Marian Anderson * Susan B. Anthony * Clara Barton * Mary McLeod Bethune * Elizabeth Blackwell * Pearl S. Buck * Rachel Carson * Mary Cassatt * Emily Dickinson * Amelia Earhart * Alice Hamilton * Helen Hayes * Helen Keller * Eleanor Roosevelt * Florence Sabin * Margaret Chase Smith * Elizabeth Cady Stanton * Helen Brooke Taussig * Harriet Tubman | 1976| * Abigail Adams * Margaret Mead * Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 1979| * Dorothea Dix * Juliette Gordon Low * Alice Paul * Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980–1989 | 1981| * Margaret Sanger * Sojourner Truth | 1982| * Carrie Chapman Catt * Frances Perkins 1983| * Belva Lockwood * Lucretia Mott 1984| * Mary "Mother" Harris Jones * Bessie Smith 1986| * Barbara McClintock * Lucy Stone * Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988| * Gwendolyn Brooks * Willa Cather * Sally Ride * Mary Risteau * Ida B. Wells-Barnett 1990–1999 | 1990| * Margaret Bourke-White * Barbara Jordan * Billie Jean King * Florence B. Seibert | 1991| * Gertrude Belle Elion 1993| * Ethel Percy Andrus * Antoinette Blackwell * Emily Blackwell * Shirley Chisholm * Jacqueline Cochran * Ruth Colvin * Marian Wright Edelman * Alice Evans * Betty Friedan * Ella Grasso * Martha Wright Griffiths * Fannie Lou Hamer * Dorothy Height * Dolores Huerta * Mary Putnam Jacobi * Mae Jemison * Mary Lyon * Mary Mahoney * Wilma Mankiller * Constance Baker Motley * Georgia O'Keeffe * Annie Oakley * Rosa Parks * Esther Peterson * Jeannette Rankin * Ellen Swallow Richards * Elaine Roulet * Katherine Siva Saubel * Gloria Steinem * Helen Stephens * Lillian Wald * Madam C. J. Walker * Faye Wattleton * Rosalyn S. Yalow * Gloria Yerkovich 1994| * Bella Abzug * Ella Baker * Myra Bradwell * Annie Jump Cannon * Jane Cunningham Croly * Catherine East * Geraldine Ferraro * Charlotte Perkins Gilman * Grace Hopper * Helen LaKelly Hunt * Zora Neale Hurston * Anne Hutchinson * Frances Wisebart Jacobs * Susette La Flesche * Louise McManus * Maria Mitchell * Antonia Novello * Linda Richards * Wilma Rudolph * Betty Bone Schiess * Muriel Siebert * Nettie Stevens * Oprah Winfrey * Sarah Winnemucca * Fanny Wright 1995| * Virginia Apgar * Ann Bancroft * Amelia Bloomer * Mary Breckinridge * Eileen Collins * Elizabeth Hanford Dole * Anne Dallas Dudley * Mary Baker Eddy * Ella Fitzgerald * Margaret Fuller * Matilda Joslyn Gage * Lillian Moller Gilbreth * Nannerl O. Keohane * Maggie Kuhn * Sandra Day O'Connor * Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin * Pat Schroeder * Hannah Greenebaum Solomon 1996| * Louisa May Alcott * Charlotte Anne Bunch * Frances Xavier Cabrini * Mary A. Hallaren * Oveta Culp Hobby * Wilhelmina Cole Holladay * Anne Morrow Lindbergh * Maria Goeppert Mayer * Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose * Maria Tallchief * Edith Wharton 1998| * Madeleine Albright * Maya Angelou * Nellie Bly * Lydia Moss Bradley * Mary Steichen Calderone * Mary Ann Shadd Cary * Joan Ganz Cooney * Gerty Cori * Sarah Grimké * Julia Ward Howe * Shirley Ann Jackson * Shannon Lucid * Katharine Dexter McCormick * Rozanne L. Ridgway * Edith Nourse Rogers * Felice Schwartz * Eunice Kennedy Shriver * Beverly Sills * Florence Wald * Angelina Grimké Weld * Chien-Shiung Wu 2000–2009 | 2000| * Faye Glenn Abdellah * Emma Smith DeVoe * Marjory Stoneman Douglas * Mary Dyer * Sylvia A. Earle * Crystal Eastman * Jeanne Holm * Leontine T. Kelly * Frances Oldham Kelsey * Kate Mullany * Janet Reno * Anna Howard Shaw * Sophia Smith * Ida Tarbell * Wilma L. Vaught * Mary Edwards Walker * Annie Dodge Wauneka * Eudora Welty * Frances E. Willard | 2001| * Dorothy H. Andersen * Lucille Ball * Rosalynn Carter * Lydia Maria Child * Bessie Coleman * Dorothy Day * Marian de Forest * Althea Gibson * Beatrice A. Hicks * Barbara Holdridge * Harriet Williams Russell Strong * Emily Howell Warner * Victoria Woodhull 2002| * Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis * Ruth Bader Ginsburg * Katharine Graham * Bertha Holt * Mary Engle Pennington * Mercy Otis Warren 2003| * Linda G. Alvarado * Donna de Varona * Gertrude Ederle * Martha Matilda Harper * Patricia Roberts Harris * Stephanie L. Kwolek * Dorothea Lange * Mildred Robbins Leet * Patsy Takemoto Mink * Sacagawea * Anne Sullivan * Sheila E. Widnall 2005| * Florence E. Allen * Ruth Fulton Benedict * Betty Bumpers * Hillary Clinton * Rita Rossi Colwell * Mother Marianne Cope * Maya Y. Lin * Patricia A. Locke * Blanche Stuart Scott * Mary Burnett Talbert 2007| * Eleanor K. Baum * Julia Child * Martha Coffin Pelham Wright * Swanee Hunt * Winona LaDuke * Elisabeth Kübler-Ross * Judith L. Pipher * Catherine Filene Shouse * Henrietta Szold 2009| * Louise Bourgeois * Mildred Cohn * Karen DeCrow * Susan Kelly-Dreiss * Allie B. Latimer * Emma Lazarus * Ruth Patrick * Rebecca Talbot Perkins * Susan Solomon * Kate Stoneman 2010–2019 | 2011| * St. Katharine Drexel * Dorothy Harrison Eustis * Loretta C. Ford * Abby Kelley Foster * Helen Murray Free * Billie Holiday * Coretta Scott King * Lilly Ledbetter * Barbara A. Mikulski * Donna E. Shalala * Kathrine Switzer | 2013| * Betty Ford * Ina May Gaskin * Julie Krone * Kate Millett * Nancy Pelosi * Mary Joseph Rogers * Bernice Sandler * Anna Schwartz * Emma Willard 2015| * Tenley Albright * Nancy Brinker * Martha Graham * Marcia Greenberger * Barbara Iglewski * Jean Kilbourne * Carlotta Walls LaNier * Philippa Marrack * Mary Harriman Rumsey * Eleanor Smeal 2017| * Matilda Cuomo * Temple Grandin * Lorraine Hansberry * Victoria Jackson * Sherry Lansing * Clare Boothe Luce * Aimee Mullins * Carol Mutter * Janet Rowley * Alice Waters 2019| * Gloria Allred * Angela Davis * Sarah Deer * Jane Fonda * Nicole Malachowski * Rose O'Neill * Louise Slaughter * Sonia Sotomayor * Laurie Spiegel * Flossie Wong-Staal 2020–2029 | 2020| * Aretha Franklin * Barbara Hillary * Barbara Rose Johns * Henrietta Lacks * Toni Morrison * Mary Church Terrell | 2022| * Octavia E. Butler * Judy Chicago * Rebecca S. Halstead * Mia Hamm * Joy Harjo * Emily Howland * Katherine Johnson * Indra Nooyi * Michelle Obama * v * t * e Colorado Women's Hall of Fame 1980s | 1985| * Lena Lovato Archuleta * Isabella Bird * Helen Bonfils * Molly Brown * Chipeta * Mary Coyle Chase * Mamie Eisenhower * Justina Ford * Emily Griffith * Helen Hunt Jackson * Dottie Lamm * Martha Maxwell * Golda Meir * Owl Woman * Mary Rippon * Florence Sabin * Hazel Schmoll * Pat Schroeder * May Bonfils Stanton * Anne Steinbeck * Ruth Stockton * Baby Doe Tabor * Hannah Marie Wormington * Jean Yancey | 1986| * Antonia Brico * Helen Louise Peterson * Josephine Roche * Eudochia Bell Smith 1987| * Miriam Goldberg * Frances Wisebart Jacobs * Mary Florence Lathrop * Lenore E. Walker 1988| * Caroline Churchill * Oleta Crain * B. LaRae Orullian * Elizabeth Hickok Robbins Stone 1989| * Clara Brown * Edwina Hume Fallis * Sumiko Hennessy * Cleo Parker Robinson 1990s | 1990| * Caroline Bancroft * Hendrika B. Cantwell * Sarah Platt-Decker * Jane Silverstein Ries | 1991| * Helen Marie Black * Genevieve Fiore * Augusta Tabor * Wilma Webb 1996| * Joan Birkland * Elise M. Boulding * Dana Hudkins Crawford * Margaret L. Curry * Terri H. Finkel * Elnora M. Gilfoyle * Mary Hauck Elitch Long * Frances McConnell-Mills * Rachel Bassette Noel * Marilyn Van Derbur * Mildred Pitts Walter 1997| * Susan Anderson * Eppie Archuleta * Ceal Barry * Juana Bordas * Swanee Hunt * Reynelda Muse * Mary Luke Tobin 2000s | 2000| * Polly Baca * Joy S. Burns * Josie Heath * J. Virginia Lincoln * Pauline Short Robinson * Martha M. Urioste * Zita Weinshienk | 2002| * Linda Alvarado * Virginia Fraser * Gudy Gaskill * Jo Ann Joselyn * Mary Miller * Sue Miller * Gloria Tanner * Emily Howell Warner 2004| * Anna Lee Aldred * Louie Croft Boyd * Merle Chambers * Patricia A. Gabow * Carlotta LaNier * Portia Mansfield * Carol Mutter * Antoinette Perry * Charlotte Perry * Arie Parks Taylor 2006| * Stephanie Allen * Judy Collins * Marion Downs * Clarissa Pinkola Estés * Arlene Hirschfeld * Jean Jones * Fannie Lorber * Susan Solomon * Caroline Spencer * Vivien Spitz 2008| * Sue Anschutz-Rodgers * Alicia Cuarón * Evie Dennis * Jean Dubofsky * Katherine Keating * Mary Lou Makepeace * Lily Nie * Anna Petteys * Eliza Routt * Rhea Woltman * Babe Didrikson Zaharias 2010s | 2010| * Madeleine Albright * Elinor Greenberg * Maria Guajardo * Philippa Marrack * Ramona Martinez * Hattie McDaniel * Susan O'Brien * Bartley Marie Scott * Alice Bemis Taylor * Jill S. Tietjen | 2012| * Kristi S. Anseth * Janet Bonnema * Fannie Mae Duncan * Loretta C. Ford * Erinea Garcia Gallegos * Laura Gilpin * Temple Grandin * Ding-Wen Hsu * Mary Ann Kerwin * Mary Mullarkey 2014| * Christine Arguello * Morley Cowles Ballantine * Lauren Young Casteel * Penny Rafferty Hamilton * Julia Archibald Holmes * Elizabeth Wright Ingraham * Kristina Johnson * Joanne M. Maguire * Helen Ring Robinson * Diana Wall 2015| * Anne Evans * Minnie Harding * Laura Ann Hershey * Elizabeth Pellet 2016| * Anna Jo Haynes * Arlene Vigil Kramer * Lydia Peña * Sandra I. Rothenberg * Shari Shink * Judith B. Wagner * Christine Voss 2018| * Leslie Foster * Gerie Grimes * Susan Helms * Dorothy Horrell * Fay Matsukage * Amache Prowers * Gail Schoettler 2020s | 2020| * Katherine Archuleta * Lupe Briseño * Rosalind “Bee” Harris * Velveta Howell * Marianne Neifert * Gale Norton * Mary Lou Anderson * Alida Cornelia Avery * Elizabeth Piper Ensley * Carolina Gonzalez | * v * t * e Autism spectrum Main| * Causes * Comorbid conditions * Epidemiology * Heritability * Epigenetics * Societal and cultural aspects * Therapies Diagnoses| * Pervasive developmental disorder * High-functioning autism * Low-functioning autism * Classic autism * Asperger syndrome * Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified * Childhood disintegrative disorder Related conditions| * Alexithymia * Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder * Anxiety disorder * obsessive–compulsive disorder * Late talker * Epilepsy * Fragile X syndrome * Hyperlexia * Rett syndrome * Sensory processing disorder * Savant syndrome * Intellectual disability * Developmental coordination disorder * Multiple complex developmental disorder Related issues| * Autism rights movement * Neurodiversity * Autism and LGBT identities * TEACCH program Controversies| * Applied behavior analysis * Facilitated communication * Lancet MMR autism fraud * MMR vaccine * Rapid prompting method * Thiomersal * Chelation Diagnostic scales| * Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale * Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule * Autism Diagnostic Interview * Autism-spectrum quotient * Childhood Autism Rating Scale Lists| * Autism-related topics * Fictional characters * Schools Accommodations| * Sensory friendly * v * t * e Autism resources * Autism * outline * spectrum Awareness| * Autism-friendly * Autism Sunday * Communication Shutdown * World Autism Awareness Day Culture| * Autistic art * Autism spectrum disorders in the media * Fictional characters * Films about autism * Circle of Friends * Neurodiversity Accommodations| * Sensory friendly * KultureCity Therapies | Psychotropic medication (antipsychotics)| * Aripiprazole * Risperidone | Behavioral| * Applied behavior analysis (ABA) * Discrete trial training (Lovaas) * Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) * Picture exchange communication system (PECS) * Pivotal response treatment * Positive behavior support * Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) * Social skills training Developmental| * Floortime (PLAY Project) Controversial| * Auditory integration training * Aversion therapy (Judge Rotenberg Educational Center) * Chelation of mercury * Facilitated communication * Gluten-free, casein-free diet * Hug machine * Hyperbaric oxygen therapy * Holding therapy * Relationship development intervention * Secretin * Sensory integration therapy * Son-Rise * Vitamin B12 Related| * ADHD medication * Melatonin * Occupational therapy * Social Stories * Speech therapy * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors * Structured teaching (TEACCH) Centers | Research| | United States| * Association for 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