Physicians in the United States Congress have been a small minority of the members of Congress, with fluctuating numbers over the years. The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to a nadir of 2 in 1990, to a maximum of 21 in 2013 and a decrease to 14 in 2017. Possible explanations for this development have been increasing health care spending, increased health care reform debate in the United States, leading up to the Healthcare Reform Act.

In public opinion research by the American Medical Association (AMA) from 2013, voters rated "understanding of the problems facing our healthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is strangling health care providers and driving up the cost of health care for most Americans" as the most convincing statement of a physician candidate for Congress. Physicians in Congress have received large campaign contributions from health care trade associations and from peers through physician associations such as the AMA.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 20th and 21st century
* 2 Motivations
* 2.1 Party membership
* 2.2 Gender, geography and medical specialty
* 3 Public opinion
* 3.1 Candidates, 2014
* 4 113th Congress (2013–2015)
* 5 114th Congress (2015–2017)
* 6 115th Congress (2017–2019)
* 7 116th Congress (2019–2021)
* 8 117th Congress (2021-present)
* 9 Physicians in political positions outside Congress
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## History[edit]

In 1776, 11 percent of signers of the Declaration of Independence were physicians.[1] Likewise two (5 percent) of the 39 individuals crafting the US Constitution in 1787 were physicians.[2]

During the first 100 years of Congress (1789–1889) 252 (or 4.6 percent) of 5405 members were physicians.[3]

### 20th and 21st century[edit]

The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to 3 in 1970 and a nadir of 2 in 1990 up to 10 (2000)[3] to a maximum of 21, including one female physician, in 2013,[4] as of 2015, there were 18, and as of 2017 a small decrease to 15 physicians.[5]

Possible explanations for the increase since the 1990s have been increasing health care spending,[6] increased health care reform debate in the United States, leading up to the Healthcare Reform Act.[7]

## Motivations[edit]

Tom Coburn said, "physicians have watched the profession undergo tremendous realignments that are shifting doctors' responsibilities away from patient care, changes they attribute to the government's inefficacy".[7] Jim McDermott was quoted as saying "They want to have their hands right there on the handle so they can pull it one way or another."[7] Physicians "balked at the idea of lawmakers with no medical experience making decisions that could upend the profession", per Andy Harris.[7]

Kelley Paul, wife of Rand Paul said in 2015 when he made his 2016 White House bid, "Being a physician gives Rand a unique perspective in Washington, simply because he's trained to diagnose a problem and find a solution."[8]

### Party membership[edit]

In 2013, three quarters of physicians in Congress were Republican,[4] and 80% as of 2017.[5] As a possible reason Jim McDermott offered, "politically conservative physicians were more likely to chafe at the direction of changes in health care, with greater oversight by the government and a more regulated role for the private sector. It's a fundamental debate about what is in the public good."[7]

During the 2016 cycle the AMA political action committee spent $2 million with "direct contributions to 348 physician-friendly [Congressional] candidates (58% Republican and 46% Democratic)".[9]

### Gender, geography and medical specialty[edit]

Of the 27 physicians in Congress since 2005, 93% have been men, which is in stark contrast to 70% male physicians in general, 63% were from the South (vs 35% of all Congressional members) and 26% were surgeons (vs 11% of all US physicians).[10]

## Public opinion[edit]

In 2013, the AMA funded 3 focus groups of voters across the country and an online survey to research public opinion on physicians as Congressional candidates. The top scoring potential message for a physician was to link back to health care expertise "Because physicians work in health care on a daily basis, they bring a clear understanding of the problems facing our healthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is strangling health care providers and driving up the cost of health care for most Americans."[6]

### Candidates, 2014[edit]

Senate candidates in 2014 included "an obstetrician in North Carolina, Milton R. Wolf, a radiologist in Kansas, a liver disease specialist in Louisiana, and Representatives Paul Broun and Phil Gingrey in Georgia, all of them Republicans. At least 26 more physicians were running for the House, some for re-election." per a New York Times article from March 2014.[7]

## 113th Congress (2013–2015)[edit]

From 2013 to 2015 there were 20 physicians in U.S.Congress, 19 of whom were male and 16 were members of the Republican party.

Legislature | Name | Party-State-District | Year elected | Medical specialty | 2012 campaign money raised

|
|
|
|
|

House | Dan Benishek | (R-MI-01) | 2010 | General surgery, retired | $2,255,260[11]
House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | Internal Medicine | $1,373,106[12]
House | Charles Boustany | (R-LA-03) | 2004 | Cardiothoracic surgery, retired | $4,879,644[13]
House | Paul Broun | (R-GA-10) | 2007 | Family Medicine | $1,410,625[14]
House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery | $608,721[15]
House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2010 | OB/GYN | $613,280[16]
House | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2008 | Gastroenterology | $5,121,030[17]
House | Donna Christensen | (D-Virgin Islands-AL) | 1996 | Emergency Medicine | $330,274[18]
House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | General Practice | $283,549[19]
House | John Fleming | (R-LA-04) | 2008 | Family Medicine | $698,596[20]
House | Phil Gingrey | (R-GA-11) | 2002 | OB/GYN | $1,530,373[21]
House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology | $1,689,833[22]
House | Joe Heck | (R-NV-03) | 2010 | Emergency Medicine | $1,117,768[23]
House | Jim McDermott | (D-WA-07) | 1988 | Psychiatry | $223,469[24]
House | Tom Price | (R-GA-06) | 2004 | Orthopedic Surgery | $1,375,428[25]
House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN | $348,673[26]
House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency Medicine | $1,504,150[27]
Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2007 | Orthopedic Surgery | $8,081,603[28]
Senate | Tom Coburn | (R-OK) | 2004 | Family Medicine | $2,100,328 †[29]
Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology | $9,942,744†[30]

† 2009/2012 cycle ††2013–2014 cycle

## 114th Congress (2015–2017)[edit]

From 2015 to 2017, there were 17 physicians in U.S. Congress. All were male and 14 were members of the Republican party.

Legislature | Name | Party-State-District | Year elected | Medical specialty | 2014 campaign money raised

|
|
|
|
|

House | Ralph Abraham | (R-LA-05) | 2014 | Family Medicine, Veterinarian | $824,819[31]
Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2007 | Orthopedic Surgery | $7,045,286[32]
House | Dan Benishek | (R-MI-01) | 2010 | General surgery, retired | $2,152,648[33]
House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | Internal Medicine | $4,410,225[34]
House | Charles Boustany | (R-LA-03) | 2004 | Cardiothoracic surgery, retired | $2,711,231[35]
House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery | $608,721[15]
House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2010 | OB/GYN | $613,280[16]
Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology | $15,548,343[17]
House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | General Practice | $283,549[19]
House | John Fleming | (R-LA-04) | 2008 | Family Medicine | $698,596[20]
House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology | $1,422,625[36]
House | Joe Heck | (R-NV-03) | 2010 | Emergency Medicine | $1,117,768[23]
House | Jim McDermott | (D-WA-07) | 1988 | Psychiatry | $223,469[24]
House | Tom Price | (R-GA-06) | 2004 | Orthopedic Surgery | $2,784,268[37]
House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN | $933,431[38]
House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency Medicine | $3,439,977[39]
Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology | $19,613,645[40]

† 2009/2014 cycle

## 115th Congress (2017–2019)[edit]

From 2017 to 2019 there were 16 physicians in U.S. Congress, all were male and 14 were members of the Republican party. There was also one podiatrist, one dentist, and one optometrist.[5]

Legislature | Name | Party-State-District | Year elected | Medical specialty | 2016 campaign money raised

|
|
|
|
|

House | Ralph Abraham | (R-LA-05) | 2014 | Family Medicine, Veterinarian | $577,493[41]
Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2007 | Orthopedic Surgery | $6,677,705[42]
House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | General practice | $4,128,996[43]
House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery | $1,045,223[44]
House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2002 | OB/GYN | $1,857,590[45]
Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology | $17,269,420[46]
House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | General Practice | $637,783[47]
House | Neal Dunn | (R-FL-02) | 2016 | Urology | $1,968,334[48]
House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology | $1,402,664[49]
House | Roger Marshall | (R-KS-01) | 2016 | Obstetrician | $1,506,821[50]
House | Tom Price | (R-GA-06) | 2004 | Orthopedic Surgery | $2,769,758[51]
House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN | $952,677[52]
House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency Medicine | $3,225,291[53]
Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology | $12,105,270[54]

## 116th Congress (2019–2021)[edit]

Legislature | Name | Party-State-District | Year elected | Medical specialty

|
|
|
|

House | Ralph Abraham | (R-LA-05) | 2014 | Family Medicine, Veterinarian
Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2007 | Orthopedic Surgery
House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | Internal Medicine
House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery
House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2002 | OB/GYN
Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology
House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | Family Medicine
House | Neal Dunn | (R-FL-02) | 2016 | Urology
House  | Mark Green | (R-TN-07)  | 2018  | Emergency Medicine
House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology
House  | John Joyce | (R-PA-09)  | 2018  | Dermatology
House | Roger Marshall | (R-KS-01) | 2016 | OB/GYN
House  | Greg Murphy | (R-NC-03)  | 2019  | Urology
House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN
House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency Medicine
House | Kim Schrier | (D-WA-08) | 2018 | Pediatrics
Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology

## 117th Congress (2021-present)[edit]

There are 17 physicians in the 117th Congress, of which 13 physicians serve in the House and 4 physicians serve in the Senate [55]

Legislature | Name | Party-State-District | Year elected | Medical specialty

|
|
|
|

House | Ronny Jackson | (R-TX-13) | 2020 | Emergency Medicine
Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2007 | Orthopedic Surgery
House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | Internal Medicine
House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery
House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2002 | OB/GYN
Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology
House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | Family Medicine
House | Neal Dunn | (R-FL-02) | 2016 | Urology
House  | Mark Green | (R-TN-07)  | 2018  | Emergency Medicine
House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology
House  | John Joyce | (R-PA-13)  | 2018  | Dermatology
Senate | Roger Marshall | (R-KS) | 2020 | OB/GYN
House  | Greg Murphy | (R-NC-03)  | 2019  | Urology
House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency Medicine
House | Kim Schrier | (D-WA-08) | 2018 | Pediatrics
Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology
House | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | (R-IA-02) | 2020 | Ophthalmology

## Physicians in political positions outside Congress[edit]

Civilian:

* United States Assistant Secretary for Health

Uniformed service, United States Armed Forces:

* Surgeon General of the United States, overall head of the "Commissioned Corps"
* United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC), the "Commissioned Corps"

## References[edit]

1. ^ Gifford GE (1976). Physician Signers of the Declaration of Independence. New York: Science History Publications.
2. ^ Jameson, MG (1983). "Physicians and American political leadership". JAMA. 249 (7): 929–930. doi:10.1001/jama.249.7.929. PMID 6337277.
3. ^ a b Kraus, Chad K; Thomas A. Suarez (November 3, 2004). "Is There a Doctor in the House?... Or the Senate? Physicians in US Congress, 1960-2004". JAMA. 292 (17): 2125–2129. doi:10.1001/jama.292.17.2125. PMID 15523073.
4. ^ a b "Physicians of the 113th Congress". Patient Action network. American Medical Association. January 8, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
5. ^ a b c Laura Dyrda (January 9, 2017). "Meet the 15 physician members of the 115th US Congress(". Becker's Healthcare.
6. ^ a b "Physicians as Candidates Program- Key findings of research conducted in April & May 2013 on behalf of AMPAC's Physicians as Candidates Research Program" (PowerPoint). AMPAC. AMA. September 2014. page 27.
7. ^ a b c d e f Jeremy W. Peters (March 7, 2013). "Is There a Doctor in the House? Yes, 17. And 3 in the Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
8. ^ Jordyn Phelps (April 7, 2015). "Rand Paul Makes 2016 White House Bid Official: 'We Have Come To Take Our Country Back'". ABC news. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
9. ^ "The 2016 Cycle AMPAC Election Report". n.d. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
10. ^ Goldenberg, MN (November 2015). "House Calls: Physicians in the US Congress, 2005-2015". Southern Medical Journal. 108 (11): 657–61. doi:10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000366. PMID 26539942. S2CID 45583923.
11. ^ "Rep. Dan Benishek: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
12. ^ "Rep. Ami Bera: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
13. ^ "Rep. Charles Boustany: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
14. ^ "Rep. Paul Broun: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
15. ^ a b "Rep. Larry Bucshon: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
16. ^ a b "Rep.Michael Burgess: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
17. ^ a b "Rep.Bill Cassidy: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
18. ^ "Rep. Donna Christian-Christensen: Campaign Cmte Fundraising, 2011 - 2012, no Leadership PAC money for 2014 cycle". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
19. ^ a b "Rep.Scott DesJarlais: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
20. ^ a b "Rep.John Fleming: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
21. ^ "Rep.Phil Gingrey : Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
22. ^ "Rep.Andy Harris:Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
23. ^ a b "Rep.Joe Heck : Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
24. ^ a b "Rep.Jim McDermott : Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
25. ^ "Rep. Tom Price: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
26. ^ "Rep. Phil Roe: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
27. ^ "Rep. Raul Ruiz: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
28. ^ "John A. Barrasso Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2007 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
29. ^ "Sen Tom Coburn: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
30. ^ "Sen Rand Paul: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2009 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
31. ^ "Rep.Ralph Abraham : Summary Data 2014 Race: Louisiana District 05". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
32. ^ "John A. Barrasso Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2009 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
33. ^ "Rep. Dan Benishek: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
34. ^ "Rep. Ami Bera: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
35. ^ "Rep. Charles Boustany: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
36. ^ "Rep.Andy Harris: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
37. ^ "Rep. Tom Price: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
38. ^ "Rep. Phil Roe: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
39. ^ "Rep. Raul Ruiz: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
40. ^ "Sen Rand Paul: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2009 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
41. ^ "Rep.Ralph Abraham : Summary Data 2015-2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
42. ^ "John A. Barrasso: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
43. ^ "Rep. Ami Bera: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
44. ^ "Rep. Larry Bucshon: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
45. ^ "Rep.Michael Burgess: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
46. ^ "Rep.Bill Cassidy: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
47. ^ "Rep.Scott DesJarlais: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
48. ^ "Neal Dunn Cycle Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
49. ^ "Rep.Andy Harris: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
50. ^ "Roger Marshall Cycle Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
51. ^ "Rep. Tom Price: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
52. ^ "Rep. Phil Roe:Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
53. ^ "Rep. Raul Ruiz: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
54. ^ "Sen Rand Paul: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
55. ^ "Physicians of the 117th Congress".

## External links[edit]

* "Physicians in the Senate" United States Senate, accessed May 28, 2015
* National Council of Physician Legislators Alliance for Patient Access, accessed 7 June 2018

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