This article presents a timeline of hypertext technology, including "hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from 1945 on. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson.

See also Graphical user interface, Multimedia; also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910.

## Contents

* 1 1940s
* 2 1960s
* 3 1970s
* 4 1980s
* 5 1990s
* 6 2000s

## 1940s[edit]

* 1941
* Jorge Luis Borges' "The Garden of Forking Paths"
* 1945
* Memex (concept by Vannevar Bush)

## 1960s[edit]

* 1960
* Project Xanadu (concept)
* 1962
* Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy uses the term surfing
* 1967
* Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson at Brown University
* 1968
* FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES)
* NLS (oN-Line System)

## 1970s[edit]

* 1972
* ZOG
* 1973
* Xerox Alto desktop
* 1976
* PROMIS
* 1978
* Aspen Movie Map
* 1979
* PERQ

## 1980s[edit]

* 1980
* ENQUIRE (not released)
* 1981
* Electronic Document System (EDS, aka Document Presentation System)
* Kussmaul Encyclopedia
* Xerox Star desktop
* 1982
* Guide
* 1983
* Knowledge Management System (KMS, successor to ZOG)
* TIES (The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies)
* 1984
* NoteCards
* 1985
* Intermedia (successor to FRESS and EDS)
* Symbolics Document Examiner (Symbolics workstations)
* 1986
* TextNet (a network-based approach to text handling)
* Neptune (a hypertext system for CAD applications)
* 1987
* Macromedia Authorware
* Canon Cat ("Leap" function, interface)
* HyperCard
* Knowledge Navigator (concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John Sculley in his book Odyssey)
* Storyspace
* 1988
* Microcosm (hypermedia system) (University of Southampton)
* 1989
* Macromedia Director
* Information Management: a proposal, Tim Berners-Lee, CERN

## 1990s[edit]

* 1990
* DynaText
* World Wide Web
* Hyperland (BBC documentary written by Douglas Adams)
* ToolBook
* HyTelnet
* WinHelp
* 1991
* Gopher
* AmigaGuide
* 1995
* Wiki
* 1996
* Hyperwire (Kinetix)
* 1998
* Everything2
* XML
* 1999
* RSS

## 2000s[edit]

* 2001
* Wikipedia
* 2014
* OpenXanadu, an implementation of Project Xanadu
* 2019
* Gemini, a lightweight complement to the Web

* v
* t
* e

Hypermedia

Basics|

* Hypertext
* Hyperlink
* Hypertext fiction
* Hypervideo
* Adaptive hypermedia
* educational
* authoring
* Hyperlinks in virtual worlds

Resource identifiers|

* Uniform resource identifier
* Internationalized resource identifier
* Uniform resource name
* Uniform resource locator
* Extensible resource identifier
* Persistent uniform resource locator
* Semantic URL

Concepts|

* anchor text
* click path
* Domain name
* click here
* Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
* deep linking
* Fat link
* URI fragment
* Hostname
* Hypertext
* Inline linking
* inbound link/backlink
* HTTP referer
* image map
* Internal link
* Internet bookmark
* linkback
* Link relation
* Link rot
* Object hyperlinking
* Path
* Screen hotspot
* Source tracking
* transclusion
* URI scheme
* URL normalization
* URL redirection
* Website
* Web page
* XML namespace

Technology|

* CURIE
* Hypertext Transfer Protocol
* XLink

See also|

* Digital poetry
* History of hypertext
* Interactive novel
* Interactive fiction
* Timeline of hypertext technology
* Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
* World Wide Web
* Domain Application Protocol

* v
* t
* e

Timelines of computing

Computing|

* Before 1950
* 1950–1979
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s
* Scientific
* Women in computing

Computer science|

* Algorithms
* Artificial intelligence
* Binary prefixes
* Cryptography
* Machine learning
* Quantum computing

Software|

* Free and open-source software
* Hypertext technology
* Operating systems
* DOS family
* Windows
* Linux
* Programming languages
* Virtualization development
* Malware

Internet|

* Internet conflicts
* Web browsers
* Web search engines

Notable people|

* Kathleen Antonelli
* John Vincent Atanasoff
* Charles Babbage
* John Backus
* Jean Bartik
* George Boole
* Vint Cerf
* John Cocke
* Stephen Cook
* Edsger W. Dijkstra
* J. Presper Eckert
* Adele Goldstine
* Lois Haibt
* Betty Holberton
* Margaret Hamilton
* Grace Hopper
* David A. Huffman
* Bob Kahn
* Brian Kernighan
* Andrew Koenig
* Semyon Korsakov
* Nancy Leveson
* Ada Lovelace
* Donald Knuth
* Joseph Kruskal
* Douglas McIlroy
* Marlyn Meltzer
* John von Neumann
* Klára Dán von Neumann
* Dennis Ritchie
* Guido van Rossum
* Frances Spence
* Bjarne Stroustrup
* Ruth Teitelbaum
* Ken Thompson
* Linus Torvalds
* Alan Turing
* Paul Vixie
* Larry Wall
* Stephen Wolfram
* Niklaus Wirth
* Steve Wozniak
* Konrad Zuse
* Claude Shannon

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