Variety of English spoken in The Gambia

Gambian English is the variety of English spoken in The Gambia.[1][2] Gambian English has fewer speakers than any other variety of West African English (WAE), and shares similarities with Sierra Leonean English.[3] The differences between Gambian English and other dialects of African English are mostly lexical and phonological. Gambian English has been influenced by various indigenous Gambian languages.[4]

## Pronunciation[edit]

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* see also: List of dialects of English

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## References[edit]

1. ^ Hans-Georg Wolf; Lothar Peter; Frank Polzenhagen (2008). Focus on English: Linguistic Structure, Language Variation and Discursive Use : Studies in Honour of Peter Lucko. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-3-86583-157-6.
2. ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile (2010). Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, the People and the Culture. Continental Press. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-9987-9322-2-1.
3. ^ Andy Kirkpatrick (17 June 2010). The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Routledge. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-1-136-95456-6.
4. ^ Kingsley Bolton; Braj B. Kachru (2006). World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-0-415-31507-4.

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Description of the English language

* Grammar
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* Stress and reduced vowels
* Orthography
* Spelling reform
* Alphabet
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History of English

* Proto-Indo-European
* Proto-Germanic
* Proto-West-Germanic
* Anglo-Frisian languages
* Old English
* Kentish
* Mercian
* Northumbrian
* West Saxon
* Anglo-Norman language
* Middle English
* Early Modern English
* Modern English

Phonological history

| Vowels|

* A
* Changes before historic /l/
* Changes before historic /r/
* Close back vowels
* Close front vowels
* Diphthongs
* Great Vowel Shift
* Open back vowels
* Trisyllabic laxing

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Consonants|

* Clusters
* Flapping
* H-dropping
* L-vocalization
* Ng
* Rhoticity
* T-glottalization
* Th
* fronting
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* Wh

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Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent

Europe|

| Great
Britain|

| England|

| North|

* Cheshire
* Cumbria
* Barrow
* Lancashire
* Liverpool
* Manchester
* Northumbria
* Pitmatic
* Sunderland
* Tyneside
* Teesside
* Yorkshire

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Midlands|

* East Midlands
* West Midlands
* Birmingham
* Black Country
* Stoke-on-Trent

South|

* East Anglia
* London & Thames Estuary
* Cockney
* Multicultural
* Received Pronunciation
* West Country
* Cornwall
* Dorset

Scotland|

* Glasgow
* Highlands

Wales|

* Abercraf
* Cardiff
* Gower
* Port Talbot

Ireland|

* Dublin
* South-West
* Ulster

* Channel Islands
* European Union
* Gibraltar
* Isle of Man

Americas|

| North
America|

| Canada|

* Aboriginal
* Atlantic
* Lunenburg
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United
States|

* Midland
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* North
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* Appalachia
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* Texas
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Social and
ethno-cultural|

* African-American
* Vernacular
* American Indian
* Cajun
* Chicano
* General American
* Miami Latino
* New York Latino
* Pennsylvania Dutch
* Yeshiva

Caribbean|

* The Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bequia
* Cayman Islands
* Bay Islands
* Jamaica
* Puerto Rico
* Saba
* Samaná, Dominican Republic
* Trinidad and Tobago

* Bermuda
* Falkland Islands

Oceania|

| Australia|

* accent
* variation
* Aboriginal
* South
* Torres Strait
* West

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* Fiji
* New Zealand
* Palau
* Solomon Islands

Africa|

* Cameroon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Liberia
* Malawi
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* accent
* Cape Flats
* South Atlantic
* Uganda
* Zimbabwe

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Brunei
* Hong Kong
* India
* regional and occupational
* Malaysia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka

Related|

* English language
* Basic
* Broad and general accents
* Comparison of American and British English
* E-Prime
* Engrish
* English as a lingua franca
* English-based creole languages
* Globish
* Gogate
* Nerrière
* International
* Learning
* Linguistic purism in English
* List of English-based pidgins
* Mid-Atlantic accent
* Non-native pronunciations of English
* Plain
* Standard

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