This article is about DHEA as a medication or supplement. For as a natural hormone, see DHEA. Prasterone Names Trade names| Astenile, Cetovister, 17-Chetovis, others[1] Other names| EL-10; GL-701; KYH-3102; Androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one; 3β-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one; 5,6-Didehydroepiandrosterone;[2] Dehydroisoepiandrosterone[1] IUPAC name * (3S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one Clinical data Drug class| Androgen; Anabolic steroid; Estrogen; Neurosteroid Main uses| Postmenopausal vaginal atrophy[3] Side effects| Vaginal discharge, abnormal Pap smear, weight change, acne, oily skin, increased hair growth[4][5][6] Routes of use| By mouth, vaginal (insert), intramuscular injection (as prasterone enanthate), injection (as prasterone sodium sulfate) External links AHFS/Drugs.com| Monograph Legal Legal status| * AU: S4 (Prescription only) * CA: Schedule IV * US: Over-the-counter * EU: Rx-only Pharmacokinetics Bioavailability| 50%[7] Metabolism| Liver[7] Metabolites| • Androsterone[7] • Etiocholanolone[7] • @@@2@@@ sulfate[7] • Androstenedione[7] • Androstenediol[7] • Testosterone[7] • Dihydrotestosterone • Androstanediol[7] • Estrone • Estradiol Elimination half-life| DHEA: 25 minutes[8] DHEA-S: 11 hours[8] Excretion| Urine Chemical and physical data Formula| C19H28O2 Molar mass| 288.431 g·mol−1 3D model (JSmol)| * Interactive image Melting point| 148.5 °C (299.3 °F) SMILES * O=C3[C@]2(CC[C@@H]1[C@@]4(C(=C/C[C@H]1[C@@H]2CC3)\C[C@@H](O)CC4)C)C InChI * InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h3,13-16,20H,4-11H2,1-2H3/t13-,14-,15-,16-,18-,19-/m0/s1 Y * Key:FMGSKLZLMKYGDP-USOAJAOKSA-N Y Prasterone, also known as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and sold under the brand names Intrarosa among others, is a medication and dietary supplement.[3][5] As a medication it is used to treat postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy.[3] For this purpose it is used in the vagina.[3] As a supplements it is sold with claims of anti-aging properties.[5] Common side effects include vaginal discharge and abnormal Pap smear.[6] Other side effects may include weight change, acne, oily skin, and increased hair growth.[4][5] It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone which is converted into androgens and estrogens.[9] Prasterone was discovered in 1934.[5] An association between DHEA levels and aging was reported in 1965.[7] The compound started being used for health claims in the 1980s.[7] It was approved for medical use in Europe in 2018.[3] In the United Kingdom 4 weeks of treatment costs the NHS about £16 in 2021 while in the United States this amount costs about 210 USD.[4][6] The marketing of over-the-counter supplements is allowed in the United States.[7] ## Contents * 1 Medical uses * 1.1 Vaginal atrophy * 1.2 Deficiency * 1.3 Menopause * 1.4 Childbirth * 1.5 Available forms * 2 Side effects * 3 Pharmacology * 4 Chemistry * 4.1 Derivatives * 5 History * 6 Society and culture * 6.1 Names * 6.2 Marketing * 6.3 Regulation * 6.3.1 Australia * 6.3.2 Canada * 6.3.3 United Kingdom * 6.3.4 United States * 6.4 Sports * 7 Research * 7.1 Anabolic uses * 7.2 Cancer * 7.3 Heart disease * 7.4 Lupus * 7.5 Memory * 7.6 Mood * 8 See also * 9 References * 10 External links ## Medical uses[edit | edit source] ### Vaginal atrophy[edit | edit source] Prasterone is approved in a vaginal insert formulation for the treatment of atrophic vaginitis.[10][11] The mechanism of action of prasterone for this indication is unknown, though it may involve local metabolism of prasterone into androgens and estrogens.[11] It is used at a dose of 6.5 mg, once per day, in the form of a pessary.[3] ### Deficiency[edit | edit source] DHEA and DHEA sulfate are produced by the adrenal glands. In people with adrenal insufficiency such as in Addison's disease, there may be deficiency of DHEA and DHEA sulfate. In addition, levels of these steroids decrease throughout life and are 70 to 80% lower in the elderly relative to levels in young adults. Prasterone can be used to increase DHEA and DHEA sulfate levels in adrenal insufficiency and older age. Although there is deficiency of these steroids in such individuals, clinical benefits if any, are uncertain, and there is insufficient evidence support the use of prasterone for such purposes.[12][13] ### Menopause[edit | edit source] See also: Prasterone enanthate and Estradiol valerate/prasterone enanthate Prasterone is sometimes used as an androgen in menopausal hormone therapy.[14] In addition to prasterone itself, a long-lasting ester prodrug of prasterone, prasterone enanthate, is used in combination with estradiol valerate for the treatment of menopausal symptoms under the brand name Gynodian Depot.[15][16][17][18][19][20] * v * t * e Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women Route | Medication | Major brand names | Form | Dosage | | | | Oral | Testosterone undecanoate | Andriol, Jatenzo | Capsule | 40–80 mg 1x/1–2 days Methyltestosterone | Metandren, Estratest | Tablet | 0.5–10 mg/day Fluoxymesterone | Halotestin | Tablet | 1–2.5 mg 1x/1–2 days Normethandronea | Ginecoside | Tablet | 5 mg/day Tibolone | Livial | Tablet | 1.25–2.5 mg/day Prasterone (DHEA)b | – | Tablet | 10–100 mg/day Sublingual | Methyltestosterone | Metandren | Tablet | 0.25 mg/day Transdermal | Testosterone | Intrinsa | Patch | 150–300 μg/day AndroGel | Gel, cream | 1–10 mg/day Vaginal | Prasterone (DHEA) | Intrarosa | Insert | 6.5 mg/day Injection | Testosterone propionatea | Testoviron | Oil solution | 25 mg 1x/1–2 weeks Testosterone enanthate | Delatestryl, Primodian Depot | Oil solution | 25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks Testosterone cypionate | Depo-Testosterone, Depo-Testadiol | Oil solution | 25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks Testosterone isobutyratea | Femandren M, Folivirin | Aqueous suspension | 25–50 mg 1x/4–6 weeks Mixed testosterone esters | Climacterona | Oil solution | 150 mg 1x/4–8 weeks Omnadren, Sustanon | Oil solution | 50–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks Nandrolone decanoate | Deca-Durabolin | Oil solution | 25–50 mg 1x/6–12 weeks Prasterone enanthatea | Gynodian Depot | Oil solution | 200 mg 1x/4–6 weeks Implant | Testosterone | Testopel | Pellet | 50–100 mg 1x/3–6 months Notes: Premenopausal women produce about 230 ± 70 μg testosterone per day (6.4 ± 2.0 mg testosterone per 4 weeks), with a range of 130 to 330 μg per day (3.6–9.2 mg per 4 weeks). Footnotes: a = Mostly discontinued or unavailable. b = Over-the-counter. Sources: See template. ### Childbirth[edit | edit source] See also: Prasterone sulfate As the sodium salt of prasterone sulfate (brand names Astenile, Mylis, Teloin),[21][22] an ester prodrug of prasterone, prasterone is used in Japan as an injection for the treatment of insufficient cervical ripening and cervical dilation during childbirth.[1][23][24][25][26][27][28] ### Available forms[edit | edit source] See also: Prasterone enanthate, Prasterone sulfate, Estradiol valerate/prasterone enanthate, and Testosterone propionate/testosterone cypionate/prasterone Prasterone was previously marketed as a medication under the brand name Diandrone in the form of a 10 mg oral tablet in the United Kingdom.[29] ## Side effects[edit | edit source] Prasterone is produced naturally in the human body, but the long-term effects of its use are largely unknown.[30][31] In the short term, several studies have noted few adverse effects. In a study by Chang et al., prasterone was administered at a dose of 200 mg/day for 24 weeks with slight androgenic effects noted.[32] Another study utilized a dose up to 400 mg/day for 8 weeks with few adverse events reported.[33] A longer-term study followed patients dosed with 50 mg of prasterone for 12 months with the number and severity of side effects reported to be small.[34] Another study delivered a dose of 50 mg of prasterone for 10 months with no serious adverse events reported.[35] As a hormone precursor, there have been reports of side effects possibly caused by the hormone metabolites of prasterone.[31][36] It is not known whether prasterone is safe for long-term use. Some researchers believe prasterone supplements might actually raise the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, diabetes,[31] and stroke. Prasterone may stimulate tumor growth in types of cancer that are sensitive to hormones, such as some types of breast, uterine, and prostate cancer.[31] Prasterone may increase prostate swelling in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlarged prostate gland.[30] Prasterone is a steroid hormone. High doses may cause aggressiveness, irritability, trouble sleeping, and the growth of body or facial hair on women.[30] It also may stop menstruation and lower the levels of HDL ("good" cholesterol), which could raise the risk of heart disease.[30] Other reported side effects include acne, heart rhythm problems, liver problems, hair loss (from the scalp), and oily skin. It may also alter the body's regulation of blood sugar.[30] Prasterone may promote tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.[30] It may also increase the risk of uterine and prostate cancers due to metabolism into estrogens and androgens, respectively.[37] Patients on hormone replacement therapy may have more estrogen-related side effects when taking prasterone. This supplement may also interfere with other medicines, and potential interactions between it and drugs and herbs are possible.[30] Prasterone is possibly unsafe for individuals experiencing pregnancy, breastfeeding, hormone sensitive conditions, liver problems, diabetes, depression or mood disorders, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), or cholesterol problems.[38] Prasterone has been reported to possess few or no side effects even at very high dosages (e.g., 50 times the recommended over-the-counter supplement dosage).[37] However, it may cause masculinization and other androgenic side effects in women and gynecomastia and other estrogenic side effects in men.[37] ## Pharmacology[edit | edit source] See also: Dehydroepiandrosterone § Biological activity, and Dehydroepiandrosterone § Biochemistry Testosterone levels following a single oral dose of 300 mg crystalline (non-micronized) or micronized prasterone (DHEA) in premenopausal women.[39] Estradiol and DHEA levels after a single intramuscular injection of Gynodian Depot (4 mg estradiol valerate, 200 mg prasterone enanthate) in women.[40][41][42] Prasterone is metabolized into androgens and estrogens in the body.[9][43] It is transformed into androstenedione by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and into androstenediol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD).[9][43] Then, androstenedione and androstenediol can be converted into testosterone by 17β-HSD and 3β-HSD, respectively.[9][43] Subsequently, testosterone can be metabolized into dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase.[9][43] In addition, androstenedione and testosterone can be converted into estrone and estradiol by aromatase, respectively.[9][43] Prasterone is also reversibly transformed into prasterone sulfate by steroid sulfotransferase (specifically SULT1E1 and SULT2A1), which in turn can be converted back into prasterone by steroid sulfatase.[9][44] The transformation of prasterone into androgens and estrogens is tissue-specific, occurring for instance in the liver, fat, vagina, prostate gland, skin, and hair follicles, among other tissues.[9][45] In clinical studies of prasterone supplementation, dosages have ranged from 20 to 1,600 mg per day.[46] In people with adrenal insufficiency, oral dosages of 20 to 50 mg/day prasterone have been found to restore DHEA and DHEA-S levels to normal ranges seen in healthy young adults.[46] Conversely, oral dosages of 100 to 200 mg/day prasterone have been found to result in supraphysiological levels of DHEA and DHEA-S.[46] At a high dosage of 1,600 mg/day orally for 4 weeks, treatment of postmenopausal women with prasterone has been found to increase serum levels of DHEA by 15-fold, testosterone by 9-fold, DHEA-S, androstenedione, and DHT all by 20-fold, and estrone and estradiol both by 2-fold.[47][48] Micronization of prasterone has been found to significantly increase levels of DHEA-S achieved with oral administration but to produce no significant change in levels of DHEA or testosterone levels achieved.[39] Although prasterone can reliably increase testosterone levels in women, this isn't similarly the case in men.[37] A high dosage of 1,600 mg/day prasterone in men for 4 weeks was found to increase DHEA and androstenedione levels but did not significantly affect testosterone levels.[37] ## Chemistry[edit | edit source] See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids Prasterone, also known as androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one, is a naturally occurring androstane steroid and a 17-ketosteroid. It is closely related structurally to androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol), androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione), and testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one). Prasterone is the δ5 (5(6)-dehydrogenated) analogue of epiandrosterone (5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one), and is also known as 5-dehydroepiandrosterone (5-DHEA) or δ5-epiandrosterone. A positional isomer of prasterone which may have similar biological activity is 4-dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA).[49] ### Derivatives[edit | edit source] See also: List of androgen esters § Esters of other natural AAS Prasterone is used medically as the C3β esters prasterone enanthate and prasterone sulfate.[1] The C19 demethyl analogue of prasterone is 19-nordehydroepiandrosterone (19-nor-DHEA), which is a prohormone of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone).[50][51] The 5α-reduced and δ1 (1(2)-dehydrogenated) analogue of prasterone is 1-dehydroepiandrosterone (1-DHEA or 1-androsterone), which is a prohormone of 1-testosterone (δ1-DHT or dihydroboldenone).[52] Fluasterone (3β-dehydroxy-16α-fluoro-DHEA) is a derivative of prasterone with minimal or no hormonal activity but other biological activities preserved.[47] ## History[edit | edit source] DHEA was discovered, via isolation from male urine, by Adolf Butenandt and Hans Dannenbaum in 1934, and the compound was isolated from human blood plasma by Migeon and Plager in 1954.[7][5] DHEA sulfate, the 3β-sulfate ester of DHEA, was isolated from urine in 1944, and was found by Baulieu to be the most abundant steroid hormone in human plasma in 1954.[7][5] From its discovery in 1934 until 1959, DHEA was referred to by a number of different names in the literature, including dehydroandrosterone, transdehydroandrosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, and androstenolone.[5] The name dehydroepiandrosterone, also known as DHEA, was first proposed by Fieser in 1949, and subsequently became the most commonly used name of the hormone.[5] For decades after its discovery, DHEA was considered to be an inactive compound that served mainly as an intermediate in the production of androgens and estrogens from cholesterol.[5] In 1965, an association between DHEA sulfate levels and aging was reported by De Nee and Vermeulen.[7][5] Following this, DHEA became of interest to the scientific community, and numerous studies assessing the relationship between DHEA and DHEA sulfate levels and aging were conducted.[7][5] Prasterone, the proposed INN and recommended INN of DHEA and the term used when referring to the compound as a medication, were published in 1970 and 1978, respectively.[53][54] The combination of 4 mg estradiol valerate and 200 mg prasterone enanthate in an oil solution was introduced for use in menopausal hormone therapy by intramuscular injection under the brand name Gynodian Depot in Europe by 1978.[55][56][57][58] In the early 1980s, prasterone became available and was widely sold over-the-counter as a non-prescription supplement in the United States, primarily as a weight loss aid.[7][5][59] It was described as a "miracle drug", with supposed anti-aging, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer benefits.[7] This continued until 1985, when the marketing of prasterone was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to a lack of evidence for health benefits and due to the long-term safety and risks of the compound being unknown at the time.[7][5][59] Subsequently, prasterone once again became available over-the-counter as a dietary supplement in the United States following the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994.[7] Conversely, it has remained banned as a supplement in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.[7][60] In 2001, Genelabs submitted a New Drug Application of prasterone for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to the FDA.[7][61] It had the tentative brand names Anastar, Aslera, and Prestara.[7][62][61] However, this application was not approved, and while development of prasterone for SLE in both the United States and Europe continued until up to 2010, the medication was ultimately never approved for the treatment of this condition.[7] In 2016, the FDA approved prasterone in an intravaginal gel formulation for the treatment of painful sexual intercourse due to vulvovaginal atrophy in the United States under the brand name Intrarosa.[63][64] This was the first prasterone-containing medication to be approved by the FDA in this country.[63] ## Society and culture[edit | edit source] ### Names[edit | edit source] Prasterone is the generic name of DHEA in English and Italian and its International Nonproprietary Name, United States Adopted Name and Italian Common Name,[1][65][66][67] while its generic name is prasteronum in Latin, prastérone in French and its French popular name, and prasteron in German.[66] It is sold under a number of brand names including Astenile, Cetovister, 17-Chetovis, Dastonil S, Deandros, Diandrone, Fidelin, Hormobago, 17-Hormoforin, Intrarosa, 17-Ketovis, Mentalormon, and Psicosterone.[1] ### Marketing[edit | edit source] In the United States, prasterone or prasterone sulfate have been advertised, under the names DHEA and DHEA-S, with claims that they may be beneficial for a wide variety of ailments. Prasterone and prasterone sulfate are readily available in the United States, where they are sold as over-the-counter dietary supplements.[68] In 1996, reporter Harry Wessel of the Orlando (Florida) Sentinel wrote about DHEA that "Thousands of people have gotten caught up in the hoopla and are buying the stuff in health food stores, pharmacies and mail-order catalogs" but that "such enthusiasm is viewed as premature by many in the medical field." He noted that "National publications such as Time, Newsweek and USA Today have run articles recently about the hormone, while several major publishers have come out with books touting it."[69] His column was widely syndicated and reprinted in other U.S. newspapers. The product was being "widely marketed to and used by bodybuilders," Dr. Paul Donahue wrote in 2012 for King Features syndicate.[70] ### Regulation[edit | edit source] #### Australia[edit | edit source] In Australia, a prescription is required to buy prasterone, where it is also comparatively expensive compared to off-the-shelf purchases in US supplement shops. Australian customs classify prasterone as an "anabolic steroid[s] or precursor[s]" and, as such, it is only possible to carry prasterone into the country through customs if one possesses an import permit which may be obtained if one has a valid prescription for the hormone.[71] #### Canada[edit | edit source] In Canada, prasterone is a Controlled Drug listed under Section 23 of Schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act[72] and as such is available by prescription only. #### United Kingdom[edit | edit source] Prasterone is listed as an anabolic steroid and is thus a class C controlled drug. #### United States[edit | edit source] Prasterone is legal to sell in the United States as a dietary supplement. It is currently grandfathered in as an "Old Dietary Ingredient" being on sale prior to 1994. Prasterone is specifically exempted from the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 and 2004.[73] ### Sports[edit | edit source] Prasterone is banned from use in athletic competition. [7][5][59] It is a prohibited substance under the World Anti-Doping Code of the World Anti-Doping Agency,[74] which manages drug testing for Olympics and other sports. * Yulia Efimova, who holds the world record pace for both the 50-meter and 200-meter breaststroke, and won the bronze medal in the 200-meter breaststroke in the 2012 London Olympic Games, tested positive for prasterone in an out-of-competition doping test.[75] * Rashard Lewis, then with the Orlando Magic, tested positive for prasterone and was suspended 10 games before the start of the 2009–10 season.[76] * In 2016 MMA fighter Fabio Maldonado revealed he was taking prasterone during his time with the UFC.[77] * In January 2011, NBA player O. J. Mayo was given a 10-game suspension after testing positive for prasterone. Mayo termed his use of prasterone as "an honest mistake," saying the prasterone was in an over-the-counter supplement and that he was unaware the supplement was banned by the NBA.[78] Mayo was the seventh player to test positive for performance-enhancing drugs since the league began testing in 1999. * Olympic 400-meter champion Lashawn Merritt tested positive for prasterone in 2010 and was banned from the sport for 21 months.[79] * Tennis player Venus Williams had permission from the International Tennis Federation to use DHEA along with hydrocortisone as a treatment for "adrenal insufficiency," but it was revoked in 2016 by the World Anti-Doping Agency, which believed DHEA use would enhance Williams' athletic performance.[80] ## Research[edit | edit source] ### Anabolic uses[edit | edit source] A meta-analysis of intervention studies shows that prasterone supplementation in elderly men can induce a small but significant positive effect on body composition that is strictly dependent on prasterone conversion into its bioactive metabolites such as androgens or estrogens.[81] Evidence is inconclusive in regards to the effect of prasterone on strength in the elderly.[82] In middle-aged men, no significant effect of prasterone supplementation on lean body mass, strength, or testosterone levels was found in a randomized placebo-controlled trial.[83] ### Cancer[edit | edit source] There is no evidence prasterone is of benefit in treating or preventing cancer.[30] ### Heart disease[edit | edit source] A review in 2003 found that low serum levels of DHEA-S is associated with coronary heart disease in men, but insufficient to determine whether prasterone supplementation would have any benefit.[84] Prasterone may enhance G6PD mRNA expression, confounding its inhibitory effects.[85] ### Lupus[edit | edit source] There is some evidence of short-term benefit in those with systemic lupus erythematosus but little evidence of long-term benefit or safety.[86] Prasterone was under development for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States and Europe in the 1990s and 2000s and reached phase III clinical trials and preregistration for this indication, respectively, but ultimately development was not continued past 2010.[7][62][61] ### Memory[edit | edit source] Prasterone supplementation has not been found to be useful for memory function in normal middle aged or older adults.[87] It has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, but there is no evidence that it is effective or ineffective. More research is needed to determine it's benefits..[88] ### Mood[edit | edit source] A few small, short term clinical studies have found that prasterone improves mood but its long-term efficacy and safety, and how it compares to antidepressants, was unknown as of 2015.[89][90] ## See also[edit | edit source] * Estradiol valerate/prasterone enanthate ## References[edit | edit source] 1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 641–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 2. ↑ James Devillers (27 April 2009). Endocrine Disruption Modeling. CRC Press. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-1-4200-7636-3. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Intrarosa". Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021. 4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 879\. ISBN 978-0857114105. 5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 Rutkowski K, Sowa P, Rutkowska-Talipska J, Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Rutkowski R (July 2014). "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): hypes and hopes". Drugs. 74 (11): 1195–207. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0259-8. PMID 25022952. S2CID 26554413. 6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Prasterone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Retrieved 29 October 2021. 7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 Melanie Johns Cupp; Timothy S. Tracy (10 December 2002). Dietary Supplements: Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 123–147. ISBN 978-1-59259-303-3. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 B.J. Oddens; A. Vermeulen (15 November 1996). Androgens and the Aging Male. CRC Press. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-85070-763-9. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Prough RA, Clark BJ, Klinge CM (April 2016). "Novel mechanisms for DHEA action". J. Mol. Endocrinol. 56 (3): R139–55. doi:10.1530/JME-16-0013. PMID 26908835. 10. ↑ "Prasterone vaginal - Bayer/Endoceutics - AdisInsight". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2021-09-27. 11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Archive copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-09-27.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 12. ↑ Arlt, W (September 2004). "Dehydroepiandrosterone and ageing". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 18 (3): 363–80. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2004.02.006. PMID 15261843. 13. ↑ Alkatib, AA; Cosma, M; Elamin, MB; Erickson, D; Swiglo, BA; Erwin, PJ; Montori, VM (October 2009). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of DHEA treatment effects on quality of life in women with adrenal insufficiency". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 94 (10): 3676–81. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0672. PMID 19773400. 14. ↑ Rogerio A. Lobo (5 June 2007). Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Academic Press. pp. 821–828. ISBN 978-0-08-055309-2. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 15. ↑ "Gynodian Depot". Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2021-09-27. 16. ↑ J. Horsky; J. Presl (6 December 2012). Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-94-009-8195-9. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 17. ↑ D. Platt (6 December 2012). Geriatrics 3: Gynecology · Orthopaedics · Anesthesiology · Surgery · Otorhinolaryngology · Ophthalmology · Dermatology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-3-642-68976-5. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 18. ↑ S. Campbell (6 December 2012). The Management of the Menopause & Post-Menopausal Years: The Proceedings of the International Symposium held in London 24–26 November 1975 Arranged by the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of London. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 395–. ISBN 978-94-011-6165-7. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 19. ↑ Carrie Bagatell; William J. Bremner (27 May 2003). Androgens in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 277–. ISBN 978-1-59259-388-0. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 20. ↑ Frigo P, Eppel W, Asseryanis E, Sator M, Golaszewski T, Gruber D, Lang C, Huber J (1995). "The effects of hormone substitution in depot form on the uterus in a group of 50 perimenopausal women--a vaginosonographic study". Maturitas. 21 (3): 221–5. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(94)00893-c. PMID 7616871. 21. ↑ "Prasterone Monograph for Professionals". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2021-09-27. 22. ↑ "Prasterone vaginal - Kanebo - AdisInsight". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2021-09-27. 23. ↑ John W. Blunt; Murray H. G. Munro (19 September 2007). Dictionary of Marine Natural Products with CD-ROM. CRC Press. pp. 1075–. ISBN 978-0-8493-8217-8. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 24. ↑ A. Kleemann; J. Engel; B. Kutscher; D. Reichert (14 May 2014). Pharmaceutical Substances, 5th Edition, 2009: Syntheses, Patents and Applications of the most relevant APIs. Thieme. pp. 2441–2442. ISBN 978-3-13-179525-0. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. 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Retrieved 2021-09-27. ## External links[edit | edit source] Identifiers:| * ATC code: * G03XX01 (WHO) G03EA03 (WHO) (combination with estrogen) QA14AA07 (WHO) * CAS Number: 53-43-0 Y * PubChem CID: 5881 * IUPHAR/BPS: 2370 * DrugBank: * DB01708 Y * ChemSpider: * 5670 Y * UNII: * 459AG36T1B * KEGG: * D08409 * ChEBI: * CHEBI:28689 * ChEMBL: * ChEMBL90593 Y | * Prasterone vaginal - Bayer/Endoceutics - AdisInsight Archived 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine * Prasterone vaginal - Kanebo - AdisInsight Archived 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine * v * t * e Testosterone Topics| * Testosterone (as a hormone) * Testosterone (as a medication) * Pharmacodynamics of testosterone * Pharmacokinetics of testosterone * Androgen (as a hormone) * Androgen/anabolic steroid (as a medication) * Androgen replacement therapy * Transgender hormone therapy (female-to-male) Esters| * Androgen ester * Testosterone ester * Testosterone buciclate * Testosterone caproate * Testosterone cypionate * Testosterone decanoate * Testosterone enanthate * Testosterone isobutyrate * Testosterone isocaproate * Testosterone phenylpropionate * Testosterone propionate * Testosterone undecanoate * Mixed testosterone esters Related| * Dihydrotestosterone (DHT; androstanolone) * Methyltestosterone * Nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) * Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; prasterone) * Estradiol * v * t * e Androgens and antiandrogens Androgens (incl. 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sulfate * Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate) * Ethinylestradiol# * Ethinylestradiol sulfonate * Hydroxyestrone diacetate * Mestranol * Methylestradiol * Moxestrol * Nilestriol * Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA) * Prasterone enanthate * Prasterone sulfate * Promestriene * Quinestradol * Quinestrol * Nonsteroidal: Benzestrol * Bifluranol * Chlorotrianisene * Dienestrol * Dienestrol diacetate * Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol) * Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers * Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether) * Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate) * Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether) * Doisynoestrol (fenocycline) * Hexestrol * Hexestrol esters * Methallenestril * Methestrol (promethestrol) * Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate) * Paroxypropione * Quadrosilan * Triphenylbromoethylene * Triphenylchloroethylene * Zeranol | Progonadotropins| * Antiandrogens (e.g., bicalutamide) * GnRH agonists (e.g., GnRH (gonadorelin), leuprorelin) * Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, LH) Antiestrogens| | ER antagonists (incl. SERMs/SERDs)| * Acolbifene† * Anordrin * Bazedoxifene * Broparestrol * Clomifene# * Cyclofenil * Enclomifene† * Epitiostanol * Lasofoxifene * Mepitiostane * Ormeloxifene * Ospemifene * Raloxifene * Tamoxifen# * Toremifene * Exclusively antagonistic: Fulvestrant * Noncompetitive inhibitors: Trilostane | Aromatase inhibitors| * First-generation: Aminoglutethimide * Testolactone * Second-generation: Fadrozole * Formestane * Third-generation: Anastrozole * Exemestane * Letrozole Antigonadotropins| * Androgens/anabolic steroids (e.g., testosterone, testosterone esters, nandrolone esters, oxandrolone, fluoxymesterone) * D2 receptor antagonists (prolactin releasers) (e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, sulpiride) * GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprorelin, goserelin) * GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix, elagolix) * Progestogens (e.g., chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, gestonorone caproate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate) Others| * Mixed mechanism of action: Danazol * Gestrinone * Androstenedione immunogens: Androvax (androstenedione albumin) * Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) * #WHO-EM * ‡Withdrawn from market * Clinical trials: * †Phase III * §Never to phase III See also Estrogen receptor modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Progestogens and antiprogestogens List of estrogens Pharmacodynamics * v * t * e Androgen receptor modulators AR| | Agonists| * Testosterone derivatives: 4-Androstenediol * 4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA) * 4-Hydroxytestosterone * 4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone * 5-Androstenedione * 11-Ketotestosterone * 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione * Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione) * Androstenediol (5-androstenediol) * Androstenediol 3β-acetate * Androstenediol 17β-acetate * Androstenediol diacetate * Androstenediol dipropionate * Androstenedione (4-androstenedione) * Atamestane * Boldenone * Boldenone undecylenate * Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione) * Clostebol * Clostebol acetate * Clostebol caproate * Clostebol propionate * Cloxotestosterone * Cloxotestosterone acetate * Dehydroandrosterone * DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA) * DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate) * DHEA sulfate * Exemestane * Formestane * Plomestane * Quinbolone * Silandrone * Testosterone# (+dutasteride) * Testosterone esters * Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate * 5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 1-Androstenediol * 1-Androstenedione * 1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA) * 1-Testosterone * 3α-Androstanediol * 5α-Androst-2-en-17-one * 7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone * 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone * Androsterone * Bolazine * Bolazine capronate * Dihydroethyltestosterone * Dihydrofluoxymesterone * Dihydromethylandrostenediol * Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (androstanolone, stanolone) * Dihydrotestosterone esters * Drostanolone * Drostanolone propionate * Epiandrosterone * Epitiostanol * Mepitiostane * Mesabolone * Mesterolone * Mesterolone cipionate * Methyldiazinol * Nisterime * Nisterime acetate * Prostanozol * Stenbolone * Stenbolone acetate * Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone) * 19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione) * 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone * 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate * 19-Nor-5-androstenediol * 19-Nor-5-androstenedione * 19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone * Bolandiol * Bolandiol dipropionate * Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione) * Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate) * Dienedione * Dienolone * Dimethandrolone * Dimethandrolone buciclate * Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate * Dimethandrolone undecanoate * LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate) * Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene) * Nandrolone * Nandrolone esters * Norclostebol * Norclostebol acetate * Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone) * Oxabolone * Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate) * Trenbolone * Trenbolone acetate * Trenbolone enanthate * Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate * Trenbolone undecanoate * Trendione * Trestolone (MENT) * Trestolone acetate * Trestolone enanthate * 5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronandrolone * 5α-Dihydrotrestolone * 19-Norandrosterone * 17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: Bolasterone * Calusterone * Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA) * Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT) * Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA) * Enestebol * Ethyltestosterone * Fluoxymesterone * Formebolone * Hydroxystenozole * Metandienone (methandrostenolone) * Methandriol (methylandrostenediol) * Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate * Methandriol diacetate * Methandriol dipropionate * Methandriol propionate * Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone) * Methyltestosterone (+esterified estrogens) * Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether * Oxymesterone * Penmesterol * Tiomesterone * 17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androisoxazole * Desoxymethyltestosterone * Furazabol * Mebolazine (dimethazine) * Mestanolone * Metenolone * Metenolone acetate * Metenolone enanthate * Methasterone * Methyl-1-testosterone * Methylepitiostanol * Methylstenbolone * Oxandrolone * Oxymetholone * Stanozolol * 17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Bolenol * Dimethyldienolone * Dimethyltrienolone * Ethyldienolone * Ethylestrenol * Methyldienolone * Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN) * Metribolone * Mibolerone * Norboletone * Norethandrolone * Propetandrol * RU-2309 * Tetrahydrogestrinone * 17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronorethandrolone * 5α-Dihydronormethandrone * 17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone) * 17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Vinyltestosterone * 17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: Danazol * Ethinylandrostenediol * Ethandrostate * Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone) * 5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol * 17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol * Dihydroethisterone * 17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Δ4-Tibolone * Desogestrel * Etonogestrel * Etynodiol * Etynodiol diacetate * Gestodene * Gestrinone * Levonorgestrel * Levonorgestrel esters (e.g., levonorgestrel butanoate) * Lynestrenol * Lynestrenol phenylpropionate * Norethisterone * Norethisterone esters (e.g., norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate) * Norgestrel * Norgestrienone * Quingestanol * Quingestanol acetate * Tibolone * 5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel * 5α-Dihydronorethisterone * Progesterone derivatives: 6α-Methylprogesterone * Medroxyprogesterone acetate * Megestrol acetate * Others/unsorted: 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone * 5α-Androstane * Alternariol * Cl-4AS-1 * Drupanol * Trilostane * ZM-182345 | Mixed (SARMs)| * Nonsteroidal: 198RL26 * ACP-105 * AC-262536 * Acetothiolutamide * Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4) * BMS-564929 * DTIB * Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22) * FTBU-1 * GSK2881078 * GSK-4336A * GSK-8698 * LG-121071 (LGD-121071) * LGD-2226 * LGD-2941 (LGD-122941) * LGD-3303 * LGD-4033 * LY-2452473 * JNJ-26146900 * JNJ-28330835 * JNJ-37654032 * ORM-11984 * R-1 * RAD140 * RU-59063 * S-1 * S-23 * S-40503 * S-101479 * Triclosan * Steroidal: EM-9017 * MK-0773 * TFM-4AS-1 * YK-11 Antagonists| * Steroidal: 7α-Thioprogesterone * 7α-Thiospironolactone * 7α-Thiomethylspironolactone * 11α-Hydroxyprogesterone * 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate * Abiraterone * Abiraterone acetate * Allyltestosterone * Benorterone * BOMT * Canrenoic acid * Canrenone * Chlormadinone acetate * Clascoterone * Clometerone * Cyproheptadine * Cyproterone * Cyproterone acetate * Delanterone * Delmadinone acetate * Dicirenone * Dienogest * Drospirenone * DU-41165 * Edogestrone * EM-4350 * EM-5854 * EM-5855 * EM-6537 * Epitestosterone * Galeterone * Guggulsterone * Ludaterone * Medrogestone * Megestrol acetate * Mespirenone * Metogest * Mexrenone * Mifepristone * Nomegestrol acetate * Nordinone * Osaterone * Osaterone acetate * Oxendolone * Potassium canrenoate * Promegestone * Prorenone * Rosterolone * RU-15328 * SC-5233 (spirolactone) * Spironolactone * Spirorenone * Spiroxasone * Topterone * Trimegestone * Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956) * Zanoterone * Nonsteroidal: 5N-Bicalutamide * AA560 * Antarlides * Arabilin * Apalutamide * Atraric acid * AZD-3514 * Bakuchiol * BAY-1024767 * Bicalutamide * Bisphenols (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S) * BMS-501949 * BMS-570511 * BMS-641988 * CH5137291 * Cimetidine * Cioteronel * Cyanonilutamide * Darolutamide * DDT (via metabolite p,p’-DDE) * Dieldrin * DIMP * Endosulfan * Enzalutamide * EPI-001 * EPI-7386 * Fenarimol * Flutamide * Hydroxyflutamide * Inocoterone * Inocoterone acetate * Ketoconazole * Ketodarolutamide * Lavender oil * LG-105 * LG-120907 * LGD-1331 * Linuron * Methiocarb * N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide * N-Desmethylapalutamide * N-Desmethylenzalutamide * Nilutamide * ONC1-13B * Pentomone * PF-998425 * Phenothrin * Prochloraz * Procymidone * Proxalutamide * Ralaniten (EPI-002) * Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506) * RD-162 * Rezvilutamide * Ro 2-7239 * Ro 5-2537 * RU-22930 * RU-56187 * RU-57073 * RU-58642 * RU-58841 * Seviteronel * Thalidomide * Topilutamide (fluridil) * Valproic acid * Vinclozolin * YM-580 * YM-92088 * YM-175735 GPRC6A| | Agonists| * Cations (incl. aluminum, calcium, gadolinium, magnesium, strontium, zinc) * Dehydroandrosterone * Dihydrotestosterone * Estradiol * L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine) * Osteocalcin * SHBG * Testosterone | See also Receptor/signaling modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogen receptor modulators Progesterone receptor modulators List of androgens/anabolic steroids * v * t * e Estrogen receptor modulators ER| | Agonists| * Steroidal: 2-Hydroxyestradiol * 2-Hydroxyestrone * 3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol * 3α-Androstanediol * 3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel * 3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel * 3α-Hydroxytibolone * 3β-Hydroxytibolone * 3β-Androstanediol * 4-Androstenediol * 4-Androstenedione * 4-Fluoroestradiol * 4-Hydroxyestradiol * 4-Hydroxyestrone * 4-Methoxyestradiol * 4-Methoxyestrone * 5-Androstenediol * 7-Oxo-DHEA * 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA * 7α-Methylestradiol * 7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone * 8,9-Dehydroestradiol * 8,9-Dehydroestrone * 8β-VE2 * 10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED) * 11β-Chloromethylestradiol * 11β-Methoxyestradiol * 15α-Hydroxyestradiol * 16-Ketoestradiol * 16-Ketoestrone * 16α-Fluoroestradiol * 16α-Hydroxy-DHEA * 16α-Hydroxyestrone * 16α-Iodoestradiol * 16α-LE2 * 16β-Hydroxyestrone * 16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) * 17α-Estradiol (alfatradiol) * 17α-Dihydroequilenin * 17α-Dihydroequilin * 17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) * 17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol * 17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol * 17β-Dihydroequilenin * 17β-Dihydroequilin * 17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin * Abiraterone * Abiraterone acetate * Alestramustine * Almestrone * Anabolic steroids (e.g., testosterone and esters, methyltestosterone, metandienone (methandrostenolone), nandrolone and esters, many others; via estrogenic metabolites) * Atrimustine * Bolandiol * Bolandiol dipropionate * Butolame * Clomestrone * Cloxestradiol * Cloxestradiol acetate * Conjugated estriol * Conjugated estrogens * Cyclodiol * Cyclotriol * DHEA * DHEA-S * ent-Estradiol * Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol) * Epimestrol * Equilenin * Equilin * ERA-63 (ORG-37663) * Esterified estrogens * Estetrol * Estradiol * Estradiol esters * Lipoidal estradiol * Polyestradiol phosphate * Estramustine * Estramustine phosphate * Estrapronicate * Estrazinol * Estriol * Estriol esters * Polyestriol phosphate * Estrofurate * Estrogenic substances * Estromustine * Estrone * Estrone esters * Estrone methyl ether * Estropipate * Etamestrol (eptamestrol) * Ethinylandrostenediol * Ethandrostate * Ethinylestradiol * Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate * Ethinylestradiol sulfonate * Ethinylestriol * Ethylestradiol * Etynodiol * Etynodiol diacetate * Hexolame * Hippulin * Hydroxyestrone diacetate * Lynestrenol * Lynestrenol phenylpropionate * Mestranol * Methylestradiol * Moxestrol * Mytatrienediol * Nilestriol * Norethisterone * Noretynodrel * Orestrate * Pentolame * Prodiame * Prolame * Promestriene * RU-16117 * Quinestradol * Quinestrol * Tibolone * Nonsteroidal: (R,R)-THC * (S,S)-THC * 2,8-DHHHC * β-LGND1 * β-LGND2 (GTx-878) * AC-186 * Allenestrol * Allenolic acid * Benzestrol * Bifluranol * Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid * Butestrol * Carbestrol * D-15414 * DCW234 * Diarylpropionitrile * Dienestrol * Dienestrol diacetate * Diethylstilbestrol * Diethylstilbestrol esters * Dimestrol (dianisylhexene) * Dimethylstilbestrol * Doisynoestrol (fenocycline) * Doisynolic acid * Efavirenz * ERB-196 (WAY-202196) * Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307) * Estrobin (DBE) * Fenestrel * FERb 033 * Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate) * Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate) * GTx-758 * Hexestrol * Hexestrol esters * ICI-85966 (Stilbostat) * M2613 * meso-Butestrol * meso-Hexestrol * Mestilbol * Methallenestril * Methestrol * Methestrol dipropionate * Paroxypropione * Pentafluranol * Phenestrol * Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041) * Propylpyrazoletriol * Quadrosilan * SC-3296 * SC-4289 * SERBA-2 * SKF-82,958 * Terfluranol * Triphenylbromoethylene * Triphenylchloroethylene * Triphenyliodoethylene * Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene) * WAY-166818 * WAY-169916 * WAY-200070 * WAY-204688 (SIM-688) * WAY-214156 * Unknown/unsorted: ERB-26 * ERA-45 * ERB-79 * ZK-283197 * Xenoestrogens: Anise-related (e.g., anethole, anol, dianethole, dianol, photoanethole) * Chalconoids (e.g., isoliquiritigenin, phloretin, phlorizin (phloridzin), wedelolactone) * Coumestans (e.g., coumestrol, psoralidin) * Flavonoids (incl. 7,8-DHF, 8-prenylnaringenin, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin, biochanin A, calycosin, catechin, daidzein, daidzin, ECG, EGCG, epicatechin, equol, formononetin, glabrene, glabridin, genistein, genistin, glycitein, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, mirificin, myricetin, naringenin, penduletin, pinocembrin, prunetin, puerarin, quercetin, tectoridin, tectorigenin) * Lavender oil * Lignans (e.g., enterodiol, enterolactone, nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol)) * Metalloestrogens (e.g., cadmium) * Pesticides (e.g., alternariol, dieldrin, endosulfan, fenarimol, HPTE, methiocarb, methoxychlor, triclocarban, triclosan) * Phytosteroids (e.g., digitoxin (digitalis), diosgenin, guggulsterone) * Phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) * Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g., zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalenone, zeranol (α-zearalanol), taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol)) * Steroid-like (e.g., deoxymiroestrol, miroestrol) * Stilbenoids (e.g., resveratrol, rhaponticin) * Synthetic xenoestrogens (e.g., alkylphenols, bisphenols (e.g., BPA, BPF, BPS), DDT, parabens, PBBs, PHBA, phthalates, PCBs) * Others (e.g., agnuside, rotundifuran) | Mixed (SERMs)| * 2-Phenylbenzofuran * 2-Phenylbenzothiophene * 4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen * 27-Hydroxycholesterol * Acefluranol * Acolbifene * Afimoxifene * Anordiol * Anordrin * Arzoxifene * Bazedoxifene * Brilanestrant * Broparestrol * Chlorotrianisene * Clomifene * Clomifenoxide * CN-55945-27 * Cyclofenil * D-15413 * Desmethylchlorotrianisene * Droloxifene * Elacestrant * Enclomifene * Endoxifen * Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974) * Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25) * Femarelle * Fispemifene * GW-7604 * ICI-55548 * Idoxifene * Lasofoxifene * Levormeloxifene * LN-1643 * LN-2299 * LY-117018 * Menerba * Miproxifene * Miproxifene phosphate * MRL-37 * Nafoxidine * Nitromifene * NNC 45-0095 * NNC 45-0320 * NNC 45-0781 * NNC 45-1506 * Ormeloxifene * Ospemifene * Panomifene * Pipendoxifene * Promensil * Raloxifene * Rimostil (P-081) * Spironolactone * SS1010 * Tamoxifen * TAS-108 (SR-16234) * Toremifene * Trioxifene * TZE-5323 * U-11555A * U-11634 * Y-134 * Zindoxifene * Zuclomifene Antagonists| * (R,R)-THC * 7β-Hydroxy-DHEA * Chloroindazole * Cytestrol acetate * EM-800 (SCH-57050) * Epitiostanol * ERA-90 * ERB-88 * Fulvestrant (ICI-182780) * Glyceollins (I, II, III, IV) * ICI-164384 * MDL-101906 * Mepitiostane * Methylepitiostanol * Methylpiperidinopyrazole * MIBE * Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate * Phenytoin * PHTPP * Prochloraz * RU-39411 * RU-58668 * SS1020 * TAS-108 (SR-16234) * ZB716 * ZK-164015 * ZK-191703 * Coregulator-binding modulators: ERX-11 * Noncompetitive inhibitors: Trilostane GPER| | Agonists| * 2-Methoxyestradiol * 7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone * Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen) * Aldosterone * Atrazine * Bisphenol A * Daidzein * DDT (p,p'-DDT, o',p'-DDE) * Diarylpropionitrile * Equol * Estradiol * Ethinylestradiol * Fulvestrant (ICI-182780) * G-1 * Genistein * GPER-L1 * GPER-L2 * Hydroxytyrosol * Kepone * Niacin * Nicotinamide * Nonylphenol * Oleuropein * PCBs (2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH) * Propylpyrazoletriol * Quercetin * Raloxifene * Resveratrol * STX * Tamoxifen * Tectoridin | Antagonists| * CCL18 * Estriol * G-15 * G-36 * MIBE Unknown| * Diethylstilbestrol * Zearalenone See also Receptor/signaling modulators Estrogens and antiestrogens Androgen receptor modulators Progesterone receptor modulators List of estrogens * v * t * e GABA receptor modulators Ionotropic| | GABAA| * Agonists: (+)-Catechin * Bamaluzole * Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) * Beta-Alanine * BL-1020 * DAVA * Dihydromuscimol * GABA * Gabamide * GABOB * Gaboxadol (THIP) * Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS) * Ibotenic acid * iso-THAZ * iso-THIP * Isoguvacine * Isomuscimol * Isonipecotic acid * Kojic amine * L-838,417 * Lignans (e.g., honokiol) * Methylglyoxal * Monastrol * Muscimol * Nefiracetam * Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone) * Org 20599 * PF-6372865 * Phenibut * Picamilon * P4S * Progabide * Propofol * Quisqualamine * SL-75102 * Taurine * TACA * TAMP * Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) * Thiomuscimol * Tolgabide * ZAPA * Positive modulators (abridged; see here for a full list): α-EMTBL * Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) * Anabolic steroids * Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) * Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) * Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam) * Bromide compounds (e.g., potassium bromide) * Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate) * Carbamazepine * Chloralose * Chlormezanone * Clomethiazole * Dihydroergolines (e.g., ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) * Etazepine * Etifoxine * Fenamates (e.g., mefenamic acid) * Flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, hispidulin) * Fluoxetine * Flupirtine * Imidazoles (e.g., etomidate) * Kava constituents (e.g., kavain) * Lanthanum * Loreclezole * Monastrol * Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone, cholesterol, THDOC) * Niacin * Nicotinamide (niacinamide) * Nonbenzodiazepines (e.g., β-carbolines (e.g., abecarnil), cyclopyrrolones (e.g., zopiclone), imidazopyridines (e.g., zolpidem), pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g., zaleplon)) * Norfluoxetine * Petrichloral * Phenols (e.g., propofol) * Phenytoin * Piperidinediones (e.g., glutethimide) * Propanidid * Pyrazolopyridines (e.g., etazolate) * Quinazolinones (e.g., methaqualone) * Retigabine (ezogabine) * ROD-188 * Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) * Stiripentol * Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal)) * Topiramate * Valerian constituents (e.g., valerenic acid) * Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, diethyl ether, paraldehyde, sevoflurane) * Antagonists: Bicuculline * Coriamyrtin * Dihydrosecurinine * Gabazine (SR-95531) * Hydrastine * Hyenachin (mellitoxin) * PHP-501 * Pitrazepin * Securinine * Sinomenine * SR-42641 * SR-95103 * Thiocolchicoside * Tutin * Negative modulators: 1,3M1B * 3M2B * 11-Ketoprogesterone * 17-Phenylandrostenol * α5IA (LS-193,268) * β-CCB * β-CCE * β-CCM * β-CCP * β-EMGBL * Anabolic steroids * Amiloride * Anisatin * β-Lactams (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems) * Basmisanil * Bemegride * Bicyclic phosphates (TBPS, TBPO, IPTBO) * BIDN * Bilobalide * Bupropion * CHEB * Chlorophenylsilatrane * Cicutoxin * Cloflubicyne * Cyclothiazide * DHEA * DHEA-S * Dieldrin * (+)-DMBB * DMCM * DMPC * EBOB * Etbicyphat * FG-7142 (ZK-31906) * Fiproles (e.g., fipronil) * Flavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone, oroxylin A) * Flumazenil * Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) * Flurothyl * Furosemide * Golexanolone * Iomazenil (123I) * IPTBO * Isopregnanolone (sepranolone) * L-655,708 * Laudanosine * Leptazol * Lindane * MaxiPost * Morphine * Morphine-3-glucuronide * MRK-016 * Naloxone * Naltrexone * Nicardipine * Nonsteroidal antiandrogens (e.g., apalutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide) * Oenanthotoxin * Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol) * Phenylsilatrane * Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin, picrotoxinin and dihydropicrotoxinin) * Pregnenolone sulfate * Propybicyphat * PWZ-029 * Radequinil * Ro 15-4513 * Ro 19-4603 * RO4882224 * RO4938581 * Sarmazenil * SCS * Suritozole * TB-21007 * TBOB * TBPS * TCS-1105 * Terbequinil * TETS * Thujone * U-93631 * Zinc * ZK-93426 | GABAA-ρ| * Agonists: BL-1020 * CACA * CAMP * Homohypotaurine * GABA * GABOB * Ibotenic acid * Isoguvacine * Muscimol * N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside * Picamilon * Progabide * TACA * TAMP * Thiomuscimol * Tolgabide * Positive modulators: Allopregnanolone * Alphaxolone * ATHDOC * Lanthanides * Antagonists: (S)-2-MeGABA * (S)-4-ACPBPA * (S)-4-ACPCA * 2-MeTACA * 3-APMPA * 4-ACPAM * 4-GBA * cis-3-ACPBPA * CGP-36742 (SGS-742) * DAVA * Gabazine (SR-95531) * Gaboxadol (THIP) * I4AA * Isonipecotic acid * Loreclezole * P4MPA * P4S * SKF-97541 * SR-95318 * SR-95813 * TPMPA * trans-3-ACPBPA * ZAPA * Negative modulators: 5α-Dihydroprogesterone * Bilobalide * Loreclezole * Picrotoxin (picrotin, picrotoxinin) * Pregnanolone * ROD-188 * THDOC * Zinc Metabotropic| | GABAB| * Agonists: 1,4-Butanediol * 4-Fluorophenibut * Aceburic acid * Arbaclofen * Arbaclofen placarbil * Baclofen * BL-1020 * GABA * Gabamide * GABOB * GBL * GHB * GHBAL * GHV * GVL * Isovaline * Lesogaberan * Phenibut * Picamilon * Progabide * Sodium oxybate * SKF-97,541 * SL 75102 * Tolgabide * Tolibut * Positive modulators: ADX-71441 * BHF-177 * BHFF * BSPP * CGP-7930 * CGP-13501 * GS-39783 * rac-BHFF * KK-92A * Antagonists: 2-Hydroxysaclofen * CGP-35348 * CGP-46381 * CGP-52432 * CGP-54626 * CGP-55845 * CGP-64213 * DAVA * Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS) * Phaclofen * Saclofen * SCH-50911 * SKF-97541 * Negative modulators: Compound 14 | See also Receptor/signaling modulators GABAA receptor positive modulators GABA metabolism/transport modulators Glutamate receptor modulators * v * t * e Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators AMPAR| * Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine * Acromelic acid (acromelate) * AMPA * BOAA * Domoic acid * Glutamate * Ibotenic acid * Proline * Quisqualic acid * Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam * BIIB-104 (PF-04958242) * Cyclothiazide * CX-516 * CX-546 * CX-614 * Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448) * CX-717 * CX-1739 * CX-1942 * Diazoxide * Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) * IDRA-21 * LY-392098 * LY-395153 * LY-404187 * LY-451646 * LY-503430 * Mibampator (LY-451395) * Nooglutyl * ORG-26576 * Oxiracetam * PEPA * Piracetam * Pramiracetam * S-18986 * Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632) * Antagonists: ACEA-1011 * ATPO * Becampanel * Caroverine * CNQX * Dasolampanel * DNQX * Fanapanel (MPQX) * GAMS * Kaitocephalin * Kynurenic acid * Kynurenine * Licostinel (ACEA-1021) * NBQX * PNQX * Selurampanel * Tezampanel * Theanine * Topiramate * YM90K * Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) * Cyclopropane * Enflurane * Ethanol (alcohol) * Evans blue * GYKI-52466 * GYKI-53655 * Halothane * Irampanel * Isoflurane * Perampanel * Pregnenolone sulfate * Sevoflurane * Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline KAR| * Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine * 5-Iodowillardiine * Acromelic acid (acromelate) * AMPA * ATPA * Domoic acid * Glutamate * Ibotenic acid * Kainic acid * LY-339434 * Proline * Quisqualic acid * SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide * Diazoxide * Enflurane * Halothane * Isoflurane * Antagonists: ACEA-1011 * CNQX * Dasolampanel * DNQX * GAMS * Kaitocephalin * Kynurenic acid * Licostinel (ACEA-1021) * LY-382884 * NBQX * NS102 * Selurampanel * Tezampanel * Theanine * Topiramate * UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) * Enflurane * Ethanol (alcohol) * Evans blue * NS-3763 * Pregnenolone sulfate NMDAR| * Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA * Aspartate * Glutamate * Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) * Homoquinolinic acid * Ibotenic acid * NMDA * Proline * Quinolinic acid * Tetrazolylglycine * Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine * ACBD * ACC (ACPC) * ACPD * AK-51 * Apimostinel (NRX-1074) * B6B21 * CCG * D-Alanine * D-Cycloserine * D-Serine * DHPG * Dimethylglycine * Glycine * HA-966 * L-687414 * L-Alanine * L-Serine * Milacemide * Neboglamine (nebostinel) * Rapastinel (GLYX-13) * Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin * Spermidine * Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol * DHEA (prasterone) * DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate) * Epipregnanolone sulfate * Pregnenolone sulfate * SAGE-201 * SAGE-301 * SAGE-718 * Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) * AP7 * CGP-37849 * CGP-39551 * CGP-39653 * CGP-40116 * CGS-19755 * CPP * Kaitocephalin * LY-233053 * LY-235959 * LY-274614 * MDL-100453 * Midafotel (d-CPPene) * NPC-12626 * NPC-17742 * PBPD * PEAQX * Perzinfotel * PPDA * SDZ-220581 * Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101) * 5,7-DCKA * 7-CKA * ACC * ACEA-1011 * ACEA-1328 * Apimostinel (NRX-1074) * AV-101 * Carisoprodol * CGP-39653 * CNQX * D-Cycloserine * DNQX * Felbamate * Gavestinel * GV-196771 * Harkoseride * Kynurenic acid * Kynurenine * L-689560 * L-701324 * Licostinel (ACEA-1021) * LU-73068 * MDL-105519 * Meprobamate * MRZ 2/576 * PNQX * Rapastinel (GLYX-13) * ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine * Co 101676 * Diaminopropane * Diethylenetriamine * Huperzine A * Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP * 3-HO-PCP * 3-MeO-PCE * 3-MeO-PCMo * 3-MeO-PCP * 4-MeO-PCP * 8A-PDHQ * 18-MC * α-Endopsychosin * Alaproclate * Alazocine (SKF-10047) * Amantadine * Aptiganel * Argiotoxin-636 * Arketamine * ARL-12495 * ARL-15896-AR * ARL-16247 * Budipine * Coronaridine * Delucemine (NPS-1506) * Dexoxadrol * Dextrallorphan * Dextromethadone * Dextromethorphan * Dextrorphan * Dieticyclidine * Diphenidine * Dizocilpine * Ephenidine * Esketamine * Etoxadrol * Eticyclidine * Fluorolintane * Gacyclidine * Ibogaine * Ibogamine * Indantadol * Ketamine * Ketobemidone * Lanicemine * Levomethadone * Levomethorphan * Levomilnacipran * Levorphanol * Loperamide * Memantine * Methadone * Methorphan * Methoxetamine * Methoxphenidine * Milnacipran * Morphanol * NEFA * Neramexane * Nitromemantine * Noribogaine * Norketamine * Orphenadrine * PCPr * PD-137889 * Pethidine (meperidine) * Phencyclamine * Phencyclidine * Propoxyphene * Remacemide * Rhynchophylline * Rimantadine * Rolicyclidine * Sabeluzole * Tabernanthine * Tenocyclidine * Tiletamine * Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists: * Besonprodil * Buphenine (nylidrin) * CO-101244 (PD-174494) * Eliprodil * Haloperidol * Isoxsuprine * Radiprodil (RGH-896) * Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657) * Ro 8-4304 * Ro 25-6981 * Safaprodil * Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004 * MPX-007 * TCN-201 * TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen * Magnesium * Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene * Butane * Chloroform * Cyclopropane * Desflurane * Diethyl ether * Enflurane * Ethanol (alcohol) * Halothane * Hexanol * Isoflurane * Methoxyflurane * Nitrous oxide * Octanol * Sevoflurane * Toluene * Trichloroethane * Trichloroethanol * Trichloroethylene * Urethane * Xenon * Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896 * Bumetanide * Caroverine * Conantokin * D-αAA * Dexanabinol * Flufenamic acid * Flupirtine * FPL-12495 * FR-115427 * Furosemide * Hodgkinsine * Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976) * MDL-27266 * Metaphit * Minocycline * MPEP * Niflumic acid * Pentamidine * Pentamidine isethionate * Piretanide * Psychotridine * Transcrocetin (saffron) * Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751 * See also: Receptor/signaling modulators * Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators * Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators * v * t * e Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Group I| | mGluR1| * Agonists: ACPD * DHPG * Glutamate * Ibotenic acid * Quisqualic acid * Ro01-6128 * Ro67-4853 * Ro67-7476 * VU-71 * Theanine * Antagonists: BAY 36-7620 * CPCCOEt * Cyclothiazide * LY-367,385 * LY-456,236 * MCPG * NPS-2390 | mGluR5| * Agonists: ACPD * ADX-47273 * CDPPB * CHPG * DFB * DHPG * Glutamate * Ibotenic acid * Quisqualic acid * VU-1545 * Antagonists: CTEP * DMeOB * LY-344,545 * Mavoglurant * MCPG * NPS-2390 * Remeglurant * SIB-1757 * SIB-1893; Negative allosteric modulators: Basimglurant * Dipraglurant * Fenobam * GRN-529 * MPEP * MTEP * Raseglurant Group II| | mGluR2| * Agonists: BINA * CBiPES * DCG-IV * Eglumegad * Glutamate * Ibotenic acid * LY-379,268 * LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad) * LY-487,379 * LY-566,332 * MGS-0028 * Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023) * Talaglumetad; Positive allosteric modulators: JNJ-40411813 (ADX-71149) * Antagonists: APICA * CECXG * EGLU * HYDIA * LY-307,452 * LY-341,495 * MCPG * MGS-0039 * PCCG-4; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant * RO4491533 | mGluR3| * Agonists: CBiPES * DCG-IV * Eglumegad * Glutamate * Ibotenic acid * LY-379,268 * LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad) * LY-487,379 * MGS-0028 * Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023) * Talaglumetad * Antagonists: APICA * CECXG * EGLU * HYDIA * LY-307,452 * LY-341,495 * MCPG * MGS-0039; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant * RO4491533 Group III| | mGluR4| * Agonists: Glutamate * L-AP4 * PHCCC * VU-001,171 * VU-0155,041; Positive allosteric modulators: Foliglurax * MPEP * Antagonists: CPPG * MAP4 * MPPG * MSOP * MTPG * UBP-1112 | mGluR6| * Agonists: Glutamate * L-AP4 * Antagonists: CPPG * MAP4 * MPPG * MSOP * MTPG * UBP-1112 mGluR7| * Agonists: AMN082 * Glutamate * L-AP4 * Antagonists: CPPG * MAP4 * MMPIP * MPPG * MSOP * MTPG * UBP-1112 mGluR8| * Agonists: DCPG * Glutamate * L-AP4 * Antagonists: CPPG * MAP4 * MPPG * MSOP * MTPG * UBP-1112 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators • Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators * v * t * e Growth factor receptor modulators Angiopoietin| * Agonists: Angiopoietin 1 * Angiopoietin 4 * Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2 * Angiopoietin 3 * Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib * CE-245677 * Rebastinib * Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3) * Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2) CNTF| * Agonists: Axokine * CNTF * Dapiclermin EGF (ErbB)| | EGF (ErbB1/HER1)| * Agonists: Amphiregulin * Betacellulin * EGF (urogastrone) * Epigen * Epiregulin * Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) * Murodermin * Nepidermin * Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) * Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib * AG-490 * Agerafenib * Brigatinib * Canertinib * Dacomitinib * Erlotinib * Gefitinib * Grandinin * Icotinib * Lapatinib * Neratinib * Osimertinib * Vandetanib * WHI-P 154 * Antibodies: Cetuximab * Depatuxizumab * Depatuxizumab mafodotin * Futuximab * Imgatuzumab * Matuzumab * Necitumumab * Nimotuzumab * Panitumumab * Zalutumumab | ErbB2/HER2| * Agonists: Unknown/none * Antibodies: Ertumaxomab * Pertuzumab * Trastuzumab * Trastuzumab duocarmazine * Trastuzumab emtansine * Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib * AG-490 * Lapatinib * Mubritinib * Neratinib ErbB3/HER3| * Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C)) * Antibodies: Duligotumab * Patritumab * Seribantumab ErbB4/HER4| * Agonists: Betacellulin * Epigen * Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) * Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF)) FGF| | FGFR1| * Agonists: Ersofermin * FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20) * Repifermin * Selpercatinib * Trafermin * Velafermin | FGFR2| * Agonists: Ersofermin * FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22) * Palifermin * Repifermin * Selpercatinib * Sprifermin * Trafermin * Antibodies: Aprutumab * Aprutumab ixadotin FGFR3| * Agonists: Ersofermin * FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23) * Selpercatinib * Sprifermin * Trafermin * Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23) FGFR4| * Agonists: Ersofermin * FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19) * Trafermin Unsorted| * Agonists: FGF15/19 HGF (c-Met)| * Agonists: Hepatocyte growth factor * Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408) * Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib * AM7 * AMG-458 * Amuvatinib * BMS-777607 * Cabozantinib * Crizotinib * Foretinib * Golvatinib * INCB28060 * JNJ-38877605 * K252a * MK-2461 * PF-04217903 * PF-2341066 * PHA-665752 * SU-11274 * Tivantinib * Volitinib * Antibodies: Emibetuzumab * Ficlatuzumab * Flanvotumab * Onartuzumab * Rilotumumab * Telisotuzumab * Telisotuzumab vedotin IGF| | IGF-1| * Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1 * Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C) * IGF-1 LR3 * Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A) * Insulin * Mecasermin * Mecasermin rinfabate * Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807 * Linsitinib * NVP-ADW742 * NVP-AEW541 * OSl-906 * Antibodies: AVE-1642 * Cixutumumab * Dalotuzumab * Figitumumab * Ganitumab * Robatumumab * R1507 * Teprotumumab * Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2) | IGF-2| * Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A) * Antibodies: Dusigitumab * Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2) Others| * Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) * Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) * Trofinetide LNGF (p75NTR)| * Agonists: BDNF * BNN-20 * BNN-27 * Cenegermin * DHEA * DHEA-S * NGF * NT-3 * NT-4 * Antagonists: ALE-0540 * Dexamethasone * EVT-901 (SAR-127963) * Testosterone * Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110) * ASP-6294 * Fasinumab * Frunevetmab * Fulranumab * MEDI-578 * Ranevetmab * Tanezumab * Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004 * Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc) PDGF| * Agonists: Becaplermin * Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D) * Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib * Axitinib * Crenolanib * Imatinib * Lenvatinib * Masitinib * Motesanib * Nintedanib * Pazopanib * Radotinib * Quizartinib * Ripretinib * Sunitinib * Sorafenib * Toceranib * Antibodies: Olaratumab * Ramucirumab * Tovetumab RET (GFL)| | GFRα1| * Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) * Liatermin * Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib | GFRα2| * Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN) * Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib GFRα3| * Agonists: Artemin (ARTN) * Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib GFRα4| * Agonists: Persephin (PSPN) * Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib Unsorted| * Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib SCF (c-Kit)| * Agonists: Ancestim * Stem cell factor * Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib * Axitinib * Dasatinib * Imatinib * Masitinib * Nilotinib * Pazopanib * Quizartinib * Sorafenib * Sunitinib * Toceranib TGFβ| * See here instead. Trk| | TrkA| * Agonists: Amitriptyline * BNN-20 * BNN-27 * Cenegermin * DHEA * DHEA-S * Gambogic amide * NGF * Tavilermide * Antagonists: ALE-0540 * Dexamethasone * FX007 * Testosterone * Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A * Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib * AZD-6918 * CE-245677 * CH-7057288 * DS-6051 * Entrectinib * GZ-389988 * K252a * Larotrectinib * Lestaurtinib * Milciclib * ONO-4474 * ONO-5390556 * PLX-7486 * Rebastinib * SNA-120 (pegylated K252a)) * Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110) * ASP-6294 * Fasinumab * Frunevetmab * Fulranumab * MEDI-578 * Ranevetmab * Tanezumab * Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004 * Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5) | TrkB| * Agonists: 3,7-DHF * 3,7,8,2'-THF * 4'-DMA-7,8-DHF * 7,3'-DHF * 7,8-DHF * 7,8,2'-THF * 7,8,3'-THF * Amitriptyline * BDNF * BNN-20 * Deoxygedunin * Deprenyl * Diosmetin * DMAQ-B1 * HIOC * LM22A-4 * N-Acetylserotonin * NT-3 * NT-4 * Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF) * R7 * R13 * TDP6 * Antagonists: ANA-12 * Cyclotraxin B * Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF) * Ligands: DHEA * Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib * AZD-6918 * CE-245677 * CH-7057288 * DS-6051 * Entrectinib * GZ-389988 * K252a * Larotrectinib * Lestaurtinib * ONO-4474 * ONO-5390556 * PLX-7486 TrkC| * Agonists: BNN-20 * DHEA * NT-3 * Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib * AZD-6918 * CE-245677 * CH-7057288 * DS-6051 * Entrectinib * GZ-389988 * K252a * Larotrectinib * Lestaurtinib * ONO-4474 * ONO-5390556 * PLX-7486 VEGF| * Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF) * Ripretinib * Telbermin * VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF)) * Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B * Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib * Altiratinib * Axitinib * Cabozantinib * Cediranib * Lapatinib * Lenvatinib * Motesanib * Nintedanib * Pazopanib * Pegaptanib * Rebastinib * Regorafenib * Semaxanib * Sorafenib * Sunitinib * Toceranib * Tivozanib * Vandetanib * WHI-P 154 * Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol * Bevacizumab * Icrucumab * Ramucirumab * Ranibizumab * Decoy receptors: Aflibercept Others| * Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin * Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead) * Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) * Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3) * Erythropoietin (see here instead) * Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF) * Glia maturation factor (GMF) * Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) * Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead) * Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) * Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP) * Midkine (NEGF2) * Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4) * Oncomodulin * Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) * Pleiotrophin * Renalase * Thrombopoietin (see here instead) * Wnt signaling proteins * Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture) See also Receptor/signaling modulators Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators Cytokine receptor modulators * v * t * e Sigma receptor modulators σ1| * Agonists: 3-PPP * 4-PPBP * 5-MeO-DMT * Alazocine (SKF-10047) * Amantadine * Arketamine * BD-737 * BD-1052 * Blarcamesine * Captodiame * Citalopram * CGRP * Cloperastine * Cocaine * Cutamesine (SA-4503) * Cyclazocine * Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (prasterone) * Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (prasterone sulfate) * Dextrallorphan * Dextromethorphan (DXM) * Dextrorphan (DXO) * Dimemorfan * Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) * Ditolylguanidine (DTG) * Donepezil * Eliprodil * Escitalopram * Fabomotizole (afobazole) * Fluoxetine * Fluvoxamine * Ifenprodil * Igmesine (JO-1784) * IPAB * Ketamine * L-687384 * MDMA (midomafetamine) * Memantine * Methamphetamine * Methoxetamine * Methylphenidate * Nepinalone * Neuropeptide Y * Noscapine * OPC-14523 * Opipramol * Pentazocine * Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane) * PRE-084 * Pregnenolone * Pregnenolone sulfate * Pridopidine * Racemethorphan (methorphan) * Racemorphan (morphanol) * UMB-23 * UMB-82 * Antagonists: 3-PPP * AC-927 * BD-1008 * BD-1031 * BD-1047 * BD-1060 * BD-1063 * BD-1067 * BMY-14802 (BMS-181100) * CM-156 * Dup-734 * E-5842 * E-52862 (S1RA) * Haloperidol * LR-132 * LR-172 * MS-377 * NE-100 * NPC-16377 * Panamesine (EMD-57455) * PD-144418 * Pentazocine * Progesterone * Rimcazole (BW-234U) * Sertraline * SR-31742A * Allosteric modulators: Phenytoin; Positive: Methylphenylpiracetam * SOMCL-668 * Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan * 3-MeO-PCP * 4C-T-2 * 4-IBP * 4-IPBS * 4-MeO-PCP * 5-MeO-DALT * 5-MeO-DiPT * Amitriptyline * Azidopamil * Chlorpromazine * Clemastine * Clomipramine * Clorgiline * D-Deprenyl * DiPT * DPT * Ibogaine * Imipramine * KCR-12-83.1 * Nemonapride * Noribogaine * RHL-033 * RS-67,333 * RTI-55 * Saffron * Safinamide * Selegiline * Spipethiane * Trifluoperazine * W-18 * YKP10A σ2| * Agonists: 3-PPP * Arketamine * BD-1047 * BD1063 * Ditolylguanidine (DTG) * DKR-1005 * DKR-1051 * Haloperidol * Ifenprodil * Ketamine * MDMA (midomafetamine) * Methamphetamine * OPC-14523 * Opipramol * PB-28 * Phencyclidine * Siramesine (Lu 28-179) * UKH-1114 * Antagonists: AC-927 * BD-1008 * BD-1067 * CM-156 * CT-1812 * LR-172 * MIN-101 * Panamesine (EMD-57455) * SAS-0132 * Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan * 3-MeO-PCE * 4-MeO-PCP * 5-MeO-DALT * 5-MeO-DiPT * Clemastine * DiPT * DPT * Ibogaine * Nemonapride * Nepinalone * Noribogaine * Pentazocine * RS-67,333 * Safinamide * TMA * UMB-23 * UMB-82 * W-18 Unsorted| * Agonists: Berberine * Ethylketazocine * Fourphit * Metaphit * Naluzotan * Tapentadol * Tenocyclidine * Antagonists: AHD1 * AZ66 * Lamotrigine * Naloxone * SM-21 * UMB-100 * UMB-101 * UMB-103 * UMB-116 * YZ-011 * YZ-069 * YZ-185 * Allosteric modulators: SKF-83959 * Unknown/unsorted: 18-Methoxycoronaridine * BMY-13980 * Butaclamol * Caramiphen * Carvotroline * Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) * Chlorpromazine * Cinnarizine * Cinuperone * Clocapramine * Dezocine * EMD-59983 * Hypericin (St. John's wort) * Fluphenazine * Gevotroline (WY-47384) * Mepyramine (pyrilamine) * Molindone * Perphenazine * Pimozide * Proadifen * Promethazine * Propranolol * Quinidine * Remoxipride * SL 82.0715 * SR-31747A * Tiospirone (BMY-13859) * Venlafaxine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators * v * t * e TRP channel modulators TRPA| | Activators| * 4-Hydroxynonenal * 4-Oxo-2-nonenal * 4,5-EET * 12S-HpETE * 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 * α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) * Acrolein * Allicin (garlic) * Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi) * AM404 * ASP-7663 * Bradykinin * Cannabichromene (cannabis) * Cannabidiol (cannabis) * Cannabigerol (cannabis) * Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) * CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) * CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) * Cuminaldehyde (cumin) * Curcumin (turmeric) * Dehydroligustilide (celery) * Diallyl disulfide * Dicentrine (Lindera spp.) * Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid * Formalin * Gingerols (ginger) * Hepoxilin A3 * Hepoxilin B3 * Hydrogen peroxide * Icilin * Isothiocyanate * JT-010 * Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba) * Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme) * Methylglyoxal * Methyl salicylate (wintergreen) * N-Methylmaleimide * Nicotine (tobacco) * Oleocanthal (olive oil) * Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) * Paracetamol (acetaminophen) * PF-4840154 * Phenacyl chloride * Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) * Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) * Tear gases * Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis) * Tetrahydrocannabiorcol * Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion) * Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica) * WIN 55,212-2 | Blockers| * A-967079 * AM-0902 * Dehydroligustilide (celery) * HC-030031 * Nicotine (tobacco) * PF-04745637 * Ruthenium red TRPC| | Activators| * Adhyperforin (St John's wort) * Diacyl glycerol * GSK1702934A * Hyperforin (St John's wort) * Substance P | Blockers| * DCDPC * DHEA-S * Flufenamic acid * GSK417651A * GSK2293017A * Meclofenamic acid * N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid * Niflumic acid * Pregnenolone sulfate * Progesterone * Pyr3 * Tolfenamic acid TRPM| | Activators| * ADP-ribose * BCTC * Calcium (intracellular) * CIM-0216 * Cold * Coolact P * Cooling Agent 10 * Eucalyptol (eucalyptus) * Frescolat MGA * Frescolat ML * Geraniol * Hydroxycitronellal * Icilin * Linalool * Menthol (mint) * PMD 38 * Pregnenolone sulfate * Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) * Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana) * Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly) * Thio-BCTC * WS-12 | Blockers| * AMG-333 * Capsazepine * Clotrimazole * DCDPC * Elismetrep * Flufenamic acid * Meclofenamic acid * Mefenamic acid * N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid * Nicotine (tobacco) * Niflumic acid * Ononetin * PF-05105679 * RQ-00203078 * Ruthenium red * Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) * Tolfenamic acid * TPPO * TRPM4-IN-5 TRPML| | Activators| * EVP21 * MK6-83 * ML-SA1 * ML2-SA1 * PI(3,5)P2 * SF-22 * SN-2 | Blockers| * ML-SI3 * PI(4,5)P2 TRPP| | Activators| * Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii) | Blockers| * Ruthenium red TRPV| | Activators| * 2-APB * 5',6'-EET * 9-HODE * 9-oxoODE * 12S-HETE * 12S-HpETE * 13-HODE * 13-oxoODE * 20-HETE * α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) * Allicin (garlic) * AM404 * Anandamide * Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata) * Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil) * Cannabidiol (cannabis) * Cannabidivarin (cannabis) * Capsaicin (chili pepper) * Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others) * DHEA * Diacyl glycerol * Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) * Estradiol * Eugenol (basil, clove) * Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa) * Gingerols (ginger) * GSK1016790A * Heat * Hepoxilin A3 * Hepoxilin B3 * Homocapsaicin (chili pepper) * Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) * Incensole (incense) * Lysophosphatidic acid * Low pH (acidic conditions) * Menthol (mint) * N-Arachidonoyl dopamine * N-Oleoyldopamine * N-Oleoylethanolamide * Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray) * Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) * Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) * Paracetamol (acetaminophen) * Phenylacetylrinvanil * Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD) * Piperine (black pepper, long pepper) * Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) * Probenecid * Protons * RhTx * Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) * Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) * Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) * Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis) * Thymol (thyme, oregano) * Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) * Tramadol * Vanillin (vanilla) * Zucapsaicin | Blockers| * α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana) * AMG-517 * AMG-9810 * Asivatrep * BCTC * Cannabigerol (cannabis) * Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis) * Cannabigerovarin (cannabis) * Cannabinol (cannabis) * Capsazepine * DCDPC * DHEA * DHEA-S * Flufenamic acid * GRC-6211 * HC-067047 * Lanthanum * Mavatrep * Meclofenamic acid * N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid * NGD-8243 * Niflumic acid * Pregnenolone sulfate * RN-1734 * RN-9893 * Ruthenium red * SB-705498 * Tivanisiran * Tolfenamic acid * TRPV3-74a See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators * v * t * e Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators CAR| * Agonists: 6,7-Dimethylesculetin * Amiodarone * Artemisinin * Benfuracarb * Carbamazepine * Carvedilol * Chlorpromazine * Chrysin * CITCO * Clotrimazole * Cyclophosphamide * Cypermethrin * DHEA (prasterone) * Efavirenz * Ellagic acid * Griseofulvin * Methoxychlor * Mifepristone * Nefazodone * Nevirapine * Nicardipine * Octicizer * Permethrin * Phenobarbital * Phenytoin * Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) * Reserpine * TCPOBOP * Telmisartan * Tolnaftate * Troglitazone * Valproic acid * Antagonists: 3,17β-Estradiol * 3α-Androstanol * 3α-Androstenol * 3β-Androstanol * 17-Androstanol * AITC * Ethinylestradiol * Meclizine * Nigramide J * Okadaic acid * PK-11195 * S-07662 * T-0901317 PXR| * Agonists: 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone * 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone * Δ4-Androstenedione * Δ5-Androstenediol * Δ5-Androstenedione * AA-861 * Allopregnanediol * Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone) * Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) * Alpha-Lipoic acid * Ambrisentan * AMI-193 * Amlodipine besylate * Antimycotics * Artemisinin * Aurothioglucose * Bile acids * Bithionol * Bosentan * Bumecaine * Cafestol * Cephaloridine * Cephradine * Chlorpromazine * Ciglitazone * Clindamycin * Clofenvinfos * Chloroxine * Clotrimazole * Colforsin * Corticosterone * Cyclophosphamide * Cyproterone acetate * Demecolcine * Dexamethasone * DHEA (prasterone) * DHEA-S (prasterone sulfate) * Dibunate sodium * Diclazuril * Dicloxacillin * Dimercaprol * Dinaline * Docetaxel * Docusate calcium * Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid * Dronabinol * Droxidopa * Eburnamonine * Ecopipam * Enzacamene * Epothilone B * Erythromycin * Famprofazone * Febantel * Felodipine * Fenbendazole * Fentanyl * Flucloxacillin * Fluorometholone * Griseofulvin * Guggulsterone * Haloprogin * Hetacillin potassium * Hyperforin * Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) * Indinavir sulfate * Lasalocid sodium * Levothyroxine * Linolenic acid * LOE-908 * Loratadine * Lovastatin * Meclizine * Metacycline * Methylprednisolone * Metyrapone * Mevastatin * Mifepristone * Nafcillin * Nicardipine * Nicotine * Nifedipine * Nilvadipine * Nisoldipine * Norelgestromin * Omeprazole * Orlistat * Oxatomide * Paclitaxel * Phenobarbital * Piperine * Plicamycin * Prednisolone * Pregnanediol * Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) * Pregnanolone * Pregnenolone * Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile * Proadifen * Progesterone * Quingestrone * Reserpine * Reverse triiodothyronine * Rifampicin * Rifaximin * Rimexolone * Riodipine * Ritonavir * Simvastatin * Sirolimus * Spironolactone * Spiroxatrine * SR-12813 * Suberoylanilide * Sulfisoxazole * Suramin * Tacrolimus * Tenylidone * Terconazole * Testosterone isocaproate * Tetracycline * Thiamylal sodium * Thiothixene * Thonzonium bromide * Tianeptine * Troglitazone * Troleandomycin * Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate * Zafirlukast * Zeranol * Antagonists: Ketoconazole * Sesamin See also Receptor/signaling modulators *[AU]: Australia *[CA]: Canada *[US]: United States *[EU]: European Union *[DHEA]: Dehydroepiandrosterone *[DHEA-S]: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate *[v]: View this template *[t]: Discuss this template *[e]: Edit this template *[INN]: International Nonproprietary Name *[CID]: Compound ID *[AAS]: anabolic–androgenic steroid *[AR]: Androgen receptor *[LH]: luteinizing hormone *[hCG]: human chorionic gonadotropin *[ER]: Estrogen receptor *[GnRH]: gonadotropin-releasing hormone *[FSH]: follicle-stimulating hormone *[SERMs]: Selective estrogen receptor modulators *[SERDs]: selective estrogen receptor downregulators *[SARMs]: Selective androgen receptor modulator *[GPRC6A]: G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A *[SHBG]: Sex hormone binding globulin *[GPER]: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor *[GABA]: γ-Aminobutyric acid *[GABAA]: γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor *[GABAA-ρ]: γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor *[GABAB]: γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor *[AMPAR]: α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor *[KAR]: Kainate receptor *[NMDAR]: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor *[mGluR1]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 *[mGluR5]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 *[mGluR2]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 *[mGluR3]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 *[mGluR4]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 *[mGluR6]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 *[mGluR7]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 *[mGluR8]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 *[CGRP]: Calcitonin gene-related peptide *[MDMA]: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine *[DiPT]: N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine *[DPT]: N,N-Dipropyltryptamine *[TMA]: 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine *[TRP]: Transient receptor potential *[TRPA]: Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel *[TRPC]: Transient receptor potential canonical channel *[TRPM]: Transient receptor potential melastatin channel *[TRPML]: Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel *[TRPP]: Transient receptor potential polycystin channel *[TRPV]: Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel *[CAR]: Constitutive androstane receptor *[PXR]: Pregnane X receptor