Oxygen therapy

A person wearing a simple face mask

Names
Other names| Supplemental oxygen, enriched air
Clinical data
Drug class| Medical gas
Routes of
use| Inhaled
Defined daily dose| Not established[1]
External links
AHFS/Drugs.com| FDA Professional Drug Information
Chemical and physical data
Formula| O2

Oxygen therapy, also known as supplemental oxygen, is the use of oxygen as a medical treatment.[2] This can include for low blood oxygen, carbon monoxide toxicity, cluster headaches, and to maintain enough oxygen while inhaled anesthetics are given.[3] Long-term oxygen is often useful in people with chronically low oxygen such as from severe COPD or cystic fibrosis.[4][2] Oxygen can be given in a number of ways including nasal cannula, face mask, and inside a hyperbaric chamber.[5][6]

Oxygen is required for normal cell metabolism.[7] Excessively high concentrations can cause oxygen toxicity such as lung damage or result in respiratory failure in those who are predisposed.[3][8] Higher oxygen concentrations also increase the risk of fires, particularly while smoking, and without humidification can also dry out the nose.[2] The target oxygen saturation recommended depends on the condition being treated.[2] In most conditions a saturation of 94–96% is recommended, while in those at risk of carbon dioxide retention saturations of 88–92% are preferred, and in those with carbon monoxide toxicity or cardiac arrest they should be as high as possible.[2][9] Air is typically 21% oxygen by volume while oxygen therapy increases this by some amount up to 100%.[8]

The use of oxygen in medicine became common around 1917.[10][11] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12] The cost of home oxygen is about US$150 a month in Brazil and US$400 a month in the United States.[4] Home oxygen can be provided either by oxygen tanks or an oxygen concentrator.[2] Oxygen is believed to be the most common treatment given in hospitals in the developed world.[13][2]

## Contents

* 1 Medical uses
* 1.1 Chronic conditions
* 1.2 Acute conditions
* 1.3 Dosage
* 2 Side effects
* 2.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* 2.2 Fire risk
* 2.3 Alternative medicine
* 3 Storage and sources
* 4 Delivery
* 4.1 Low-dose oxygen
* 4.2 High flow oxygen delivery
* 4.3 Positive pressure delivery
* 4.4 Medication delivery
* 4.5 Exhalation filters for oxygen masks
* 4.6 Aircraft
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading

## Medical uses[edit | edit source]

Oxygen is used as a medical treatment in both chronic and acute cases, and can be used in hospital, pre-hospital or entirely out of hospital. In those with acute respiratory failure with low oxygen, giving oxygen by noninvasive ventilation or as high flow nasal oxygen is superior to standard oxygen delivery.[14]

* Nasal cannula

* Oxygen piping and regulator with flow meter, for oxygen therapy, mounted in an ambulance

* Pin-indexed oxygen regulator for portable D-cylinder, usually carried in an ambulance's resuscitation kit

* Pin index medical oxygen cylinder valve

### Chronic conditions[edit | edit source]

A common use of supplementary oxygen is in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the occurrence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema, a common long-term effect of smoking, who may require additional oxygen to breathe either during a temporary worsening of their condition, or throughout the day and night. It is indicated in people with COPD, with arterial oxygen partial pressure PaO
2 ≤ 55 mmHg (7.3 kPa) or arterial oxygen saturation SaO
2 ≤ 88% and has been shown to increase lifespan.[15][16][17]

Oxygen is often prescribed for people with breathlessness, in the setting of end-stage cardiac or respiratory failure, advanced cancer or neurodegenerative disease, despite having relatively normal blood oxygen levels. A 2010 trial of 239 subjects found no significant difference in reducing breathlessness between oxygen and air delivered in the same way.[18]

### Acute conditions[edit | edit source]

Oxygen is widely used in emergency medicine, both in hospital and by emergency medical services or those giving advanced first aid.

In the pre-hospital environment, high-flow oxygen is used in resuscitation, major trauma, anaphylaxis, major bleeding, shock, active seizures, and hypothermia.[19][20]

It may also be indicated for any other people where their injury or illness has caused low oxygen levels, although in this case oxygen flow should be moderated to achieve oxygen saturation levels, based on pulse oximetry (with a target level of 94–96% in most, or 88–92% in people with COPD).[19][9] Excessively use of oxygen in those who are acutely ill however increases the risk of death.[9] In 2018 recommendations within the British Medical Journal were that oxygen should be stopped if saturations are greater than 96% and should not be started if above 90 to 93%.[21] Exceptions were those with carbon monoxide poisoning, cluster headaches, attacks of sickle cell disease, and pneumothorax.[21]

For personal use, high concentration oxygen is used as home therapy to abort cluster headache attacks, due to its vaso-constrictive effects.[22]

People who are receiving oxygen therapy for low oxygen following an acute illness or hospitalization should not routinely have a prescription renewal for continued oxygen therapy without a physician's re-assessment of the person's condition.[23] If the person has recovered from the illness, then the hypoxemia is expected to resolve and additional care would be unnecessary and a waste of resources.[23]

### Dosage[edit | edit source]

The defined daily dose is not established.[1]

## Side effects[edit | edit source]

Many EMS protocols indicate that oxygen should not be withheld from anyone, while other protocols are more specific or circumspect. However, there are certain situations in which oxygen therapy is known to have a negative impact on a person's condition.[24]

Oxygen should never be given to a person who has paraquat poisoning unless they have severe respiratory distress or respiratory arrest, as this can increase the toxicity. Paraquat poisoning is rare with about 200 deaths globally from 1958 to 1978.[25] Oxygen therapy is not recommended for people who have pulmonary fibrosis or other lung damage resulting from bleomycin treatment.[26]

High levels of oxygen given to infants cause blindness by promoting overgrowth of new blood vessels in the eye obstructing sight. This is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Oxygen has vasoconstrictive effects on the circulatory system, reducing peripheral circulation and was once thought to potentially increase the effects of stroke. However, when additional oxygen is given to the person, additional oxygen is dissolved in the plasma according to Henry's Law. This allows a compensating change to occur and the dissolved oxygen in plasma supports embarrassed (oxygen-starved) neurons, reduces inflammation and post-stroke cerebral edema. Since 1990, hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been used in the treatments of stroke on a worldwide basis. In rare instances, people receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy have had seizures. However, because of the aforementioned Henry's Law effect of extra available dissolved oxygen to neurons, there is usually no negative sequel to the event. Such seizures are generally a result of oxygen toxicity,[27][28] although hypoglycemia may be a contributing factor, but the latter risk can be eradicated or reduced by carefully monitoring the person's nutritional intake prior to oxygen treatment.

Oxygen first aid has been used as an emergency treatment for diving injuries for years.[29] Recompression in a hyperbaric chamber with the person breathing 100% oxygen is the standard hospital and military medical response to decompression illness.[29][30][31] The success of recompression therapy as well as a decrease in the number of recompression treatments required has been shown if first aid oxygen is given within four hours after surfacing.[32] There are suggestions that oxygen administration may not be the most effective measure for the treatment of decompression illness and that heliox may be a better alternative.[33]

### Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[edit | edit source]

Care needs to be exercised in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as emphysema, especially in those known to retain carbon dioxide (type II respiratory failure). Such people may further accumulate carbon dioxide and decreased pH (hypercapnation) if administered supplemental oxygen, possibly endangering their lives.[34] This is primarily as a result of ventilation–perfusion imbalance (see Effect of oxygen on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).[35] In the worst case, administration of high levels of oxygen in people with severe emphysema and high blood carbon dioxide may reduce respiratory drive to the point of precipitating respiratory failure, with an observed increase in mortality compared with those receiving titrated oxygen treatment.[34] However, the risk of the loss of respiratory drive are far outweighed by the risks of withholding emergency oxygen, and therefore emergency administration of oxygen is never contraindicated. Transfer from field care to definitive care, where oxygen use can be carefully calibrated, typically occurs long before significant reductions to the respiratory drive.

A 2010 study has shown that titrated oxygen therapy (controlled administration of oxygen) is less of a danger to people with COPD and that other, non-COPD people, may also, in some cases, benefit more from titrated therapy.[34]

### Fire risk[edit | edit source]

Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Oxygen itself is not flammable, but the addition of concentrated oxygen to a fire greatly increases its intensity, and can aid the combustion of materials (such as metals) which are relatively inert under normal conditions. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; however, an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion.[36] A well-known example of an accidental fire accelerated by pure oxygen occurred in the Apollo 1 spacecraft in January 1967 during a ground test; it killed all three astronauts.[37] A similar accident killed Soviet cosmonaut Valentin Bondarenko in 1961.

Combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential, such as peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire.[relevant? - discuss]

Concentrated O
2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.[36] Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of O
2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized.[36] Highly concentrated oxygen in a high-pressure environment can spontaneously ignite hydrocarbons such as oil and grease, resulting in fire or explosion. The heat caused by rapid pressurization serves as the ignition source. For this reason, storage vessels, regulators, piping and any other equipment used with highly concentrated oxygen must be "oxygen-clean" prior to use, to ensure the absence of potential fuels. This does not apply only to pure oxygen; any concentration significantly higher than atmospheric (approximately 21%) carries a potential risk.

Hospitals in some jurisdictions, such as the UK, now operate "no-smoking" policies, which although introduced for other reasons, support the aim of keeping ignition sources away from medical piped oxygen. Recorded sources of ignition of medically prescribed oxygen include candles, aromatherapy, medical equipment, cooking, and unfortunately, deliberate vandalism. Smoking of pipes, cigars, and cigarettes is of special concern. These policies do not entirely eliminate the risk of injury with portable oxygen systems, especially if compliance is poor.[38]

### Alternative medicine[edit | edit source]

Some practitioners of alternative medicine have promoted "oxygen therapy" as a cure for many human ailments including AIDS, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. The procedure may include injecting hydrogen peroxide, oxygenating blood, or administering oxygen under pressure to the rectum, vagina, or other bodily opening.[citation needed] According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that putting oxygen-releasing chemicals into a person's body is effective in treating cancer", and some of these treatments can be dangerous.[39]

## Storage and sources[edit | edit source]

Gas cylinders containing oxygen to be used at home. When in use a pipe is attached to the cylinder's regulator and then to a mask that fits over the person's nose and mouth.

A home oxygen concentrator for a person with emphysema

Oxygen can be separated by a number of methods, including chemical reaction and fractional distillation, and then either used immediately or stored for future use. The main types of sources for oxygen therapy are:

1. Liquid storage – Liquid oxygen is stored in chilled tanks until required, and then allowed to boil (at a temperature of 90.188 K (−182.96 °C)) to release oxygen as a gas. This is widely used at hospitals due to their high usage requirements, but can also be used in other settings. See Vacuum Insulated Evaporator for more information on this method of storage.
2. Compressed gas storage – The oxygen gas is compressed in a gas cylinder, which provides a convenient storage, without the requirement for refrigeration found with liquid storage. Large oxygen cylinders hold 6,500 litres (230 cu ft) and can last about two days at a flow rate of 2 litres per minute. A small portable M6 (B) cylinder holds 164 or 170 litres (5.8 or 6.0 cu ft) and weighs about 1.3 to 1.6 kilograms (2.9 to 3.5 lb).[40] These tanks can last 4–6 hours when used with a conserving regulator, which senses the person's breathing rate and sends pulses of oxygen. Conserving regulators may not be usable by people who breathe through their mouths.
3. Instant usage – The use of an electrically powered oxygen concentrator[41] or a chemical reaction based unit[42] can create sufficient oxygen for a person to use immediately, and these units (especially the electrically powered versions) are in widespread usage for home oxygen therapy and portable personal oxygen, with the advantage of being continuous supply without the need for additional deliveries of bulky cylinders.

## Delivery[edit | edit source]

Various devices are used for administration of oxygen. In most cases, the oxygen will first pass through a pressure regulator, used to control the high pressure of oxygen delivered from a cylinder (or other source) to a lower pressure. This lower pressure is then controlled by a flowmeter, which may be preset or selectable, and this controls the flow in a measure such as litres per minute (lpm). The typical flowmeter range for medical oxygen is between 0 and 15 lpm with some units able to obtain up to 25 liters per minute. Many wall flowmeters using a Thorpe tube design are able to be dialed to "flush" which is beneficial in emergency situations.

### Low-dose oxygen[edit | edit source]

Many people only require a slight increase in oxygen in the air they breathe, rather than pure or near-pure oxygen.[43] This can be delivered through a number of devices dependent on the situation, the flow required and in some instances person's preference.

A nasal cannula (NC) is a thin tube with two small nozzles that protrude into the person's nostrils. It can only comfortably provide oxygen at low flow rates, 2–6 litres per minute (LPM), delivering a concentration of 24–40%.

There are also a number of face mask options, such as the simple face mask, often used at between 5 and 8 LPM, with a concentration of oxygen to the person of between 28% and 50%. This is closely related to the more controlled air-entrainment masks, also known as Venturi masks, which can accurately deliver a predetermined oxygen concentration to the trachea up to 40%.

In some instances, a partial rebreathing mask can be used, which is based on a simple mask, but featuring a reservoir bag, which increases the provided oxygen concentration to 40–70% oxygen at 5–15 LPM.

Non-rebreather masks draw oxygen from attached reservoir bags, with one-way valves that direct exhaled air out of the mask. When properly fitted and used at flow rates of 8–10 LPM or higher, they deliver close to 100% oxygen. This type of mask is indicated for acute medical emergencies.

Demand oxygen delivery systems (DODS) or oxygen resuscitators deliver oxygen only when the person inhales, or, in the case of a non-breathing person, the caregiver presses a button on the mask. These systems greatly conserve oxygen compared to steady-flow masks, which is useful in emergency situations when a limited supply of oxygen is available and there is a delay in transporting the person to higher care. They are very useful in performing CPR, as the caregiver can deliver rescue breaths composed of 100% oxygen with the press of a button. Care must be taken not to over-inflate the person's lungs, and some systems employ safety valves to help prevent this. These systems may not be appropriate for people who are unconscious or those in respiratory distress, because of the effort required to breathe from them.

### High flow oxygen delivery[edit | edit source]

In cases where the person requires a high concentration of up to 100% oxygen, a number of devices are available, with the most common being the non-rebreather mask (or reservoir mask), which is similar to the partial rebreathing mask except it has a series of one-way valves preventing exhaled air from returning to the bag. There should be a minimum flow of 10 L/min. The delivered FIO2 (Inhalation volumetric fraction of molecular oxygen) of this system is 60–80%, depending on the oxygen flow and breathing pattern.[44][45] Another type of device is a humidified high flow nasal cannula which enables flows exceeding a person's peak inspiratory flow demand to be delivered via nasal cannula, thus providing FIO2 of up to 100% because there is no entrainment of room air, even with the mouth open.[46] This also allows the person to continue to talk, eat and drink while still receiving the therapy.[47] This type of delivery method is associated with greater overall comfort, and improved oxygenation and respiratory rates than with face mask oxygen.[48]

In specialist applications such as aviation, tight-fitting masks can be used, and these also have applications in anaesthesia, carbon monoxide poisoning treatment and in hyperbaric oxygen therapy

### Positive pressure delivery[edit | edit source]

People who are unable to breathe on their own will require positive pressure to move oxygen into their lungs for gaseous exchange to take place. Systems for delivering this vary in complexity (and cost), starting with a basic pocket mask adjunct which can be used by a basically trained first aider to manually deliver artificial respiration with supplemental oxygen delivered through a port in the mask.

Many emergency medical service and first aid personnel, as well as hospitals, will use a bag-valve-mask (BVM), which is a malleable bag attached to a face mask (or invasive airway such as an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway), usually with a reservoir bag attached, which is manually manipulated by the healthcare professional to push oxygen (or air) into the lungs. This is the only procedure allowed for initial treatment of cyanide poisoning in the UK workplace.[49]

Automated versions of the BVM system, known as a resuscitator or pneupac can also deliver measured and timed doses of oxygen direct to people through a facemask or airway. These systems are related to the anaesthetic machines used in operations under general anaesthesia that allows a variable amount of oxygen to be delivered, along with other gases including air, nitrous oxide and inhalational anaesthetics.

### Medication delivery[edit | edit source]

Oxygen and other compressed gasses are used in conjunction with a nebulizer to allow the delivery of medications to the upper and/or lower airways. Nebulizers use compressed gas to propel liquid medication into an aerosol, with specific therapeutically sized droplets, for deposition in the appropriate, desired portion of the airway. A typical compressed gas flow rate of 8–10 L/min is used to nebulize medications, saline, sterile water, or a mixture of the preceding into a therapeutic aerosol for inhalation. In the clinical setting room air (ambient mix of several gasses), molecular oxygen, and Heliox[citation needed] are the most common gases used to nebulize a bolus or a continuous volume of therapeutic aerosols.

### Exhalation filters for oxygen masks[edit | edit source]

Filtered oxygen masks have the ability to prevent exhaled, potentially infectious particles from being released into the surrounding environment. These masks are normally of a closed design such that leaks are minimized and breathing of room air is controlled through a series of one-way valves. Filtration of exhaled breaths is accomplished either by placing a filter on the exhalation port or through an integral filter that is part of the mask itself. These masks first became popular in the Toronto (Canada) healthcare community during the 2003 SARS Crisis. SARS was identified as being respiratory based and it was determined that conventional oxygen therapy devices were not designed for the containment of exhaled particles.[50][51][52] Common practices of having suspected people[clarification needed] wear a surgical mask was confounded by the use of standard oxygen therapy equipment. In 2003, the HiOx80 oxygen mask was released for sale. The HiOx80 mask is a closed design mask that allows a filter to be placed on the exhalation port. Several new designs have emerged in the global healthcare community for the containment and filtration of potentially infectious particles. Other designs include the ISO-O
2 oxygen mask, the Flo2Max oxygen mask, and the O-Mask. The use of oxygen masks that are capable of filtering exhaled particles is gradually becoming a recommended practice for pandemic preparation in many jurisdictions.[citation needed]

Typical oxygen masks allow the person to breathe in room air in addition to their therapeutic oxygen, but because filtered oxygen masks use a closed design that minimizes or eliminates the person's contact with and ability to inhale room air, delivered oxygen concentrations to the person have been found to be higher, approaching 99% using adequate oxygen flows.[citation needed] Because all exhaled particles are contained within the mask, nebulized medications are also prevented from being released into the surrounding atmosphere, decreasing the occupational exposure to healthcare staff and other people.[citation needed]

### Aircraft[edit | edit source]

In the United States, most airlines restrict the devices allowed on board aircraft. As a result, passengers are restricted in what devices they can use. Some airlines will provide cylinders for passengers with an associated fee. Other airlines allow passengers to carry on approved portable concentrators. However, the lists of approved devices varies by airline so passengers need to check with any airline they are planning to fly on. Passengers are generally not allowed to carry on their own cylinders. In all cases, passengers need to notify the airline in advance of their equipment.

Effective May 13, 2009, the Department of Transportation and FAA ruled that a select number of portable oxygen concentrators are approved for use on all commercial flights.[53] FAA regulations require larger airplanes to carry D-cylinders of oxygen for use in an emergency.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Breathing gas - Gas used for human respiration
* Nebulizer
* Mechanical ventilation - Method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing
* Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
* Oxygen bar - An establishment that sells oxygen for on-site recreational use
* Emergency medical services - Emergency services dedicated to providing out-of-hospital acute medical care and transport to definitive care
* Respiratory therapist - Specialized healthcare practitioner trained in critical care and cardio-pulmonary medicine
* Oxygen tent - A canopy placed over a patient to provide oxygen at a higher level than normal
* Oxygen firebreak
* Bottled oxygen (climbing) - Oxygen stored in portable high pressure cylinders

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 217–218, 302. ISBN 9780857111562.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 20\. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jamison, Dean T.; Breman, Joel G.; Measham, Anthony R.; Alleyne, George; Claeson, Mariam; Evans, David B.; Jha, Prabhat; Mills, Anne; Musgrove, Philip (2006). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. World Bank Publications. p. 689\. ISBN 9780821361801. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10.
5. ↑ Macintosh, Michael; Moore, Tracey (1999). Caring for the Seriously Ill Patient 2E (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 57\. ISBN 9780340705827. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
6. ↑ Dart, Richard C. (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 217–219. ISBN 9780781728454. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
7. ↑ Peate, Ian; Wild, Karen; Nair, Muralitharan (2014). Nursing Practice: Knowledge and Care. John Wiley & Sons. p. 572\. ISBN 9781118481363. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Martin, Lawrence (1997). Scuba Diving Explained: Questions and Answers on Physiology and Medical Aspects of Scuba Diving. Lawrence Martin. p. H-1. ISBN 9780941332569. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Chu, DK; Kim, LH; Young, PJ; Zamiri, N; Almenawer, SA; Jaeschke, R; Szczeklik, W; Schünemann, HJ; Neary, JD; Alhazzani, W (28 April 2018). "Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet. 391 (10131): 1693–1705. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30479-3. PMID 29726345.
10. ↑ Agasti, T. K. (2010). Textbook of Anesthesia for Postgraduates. JP Medical Ltd. p. 398\. ISBN 9789380704944. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10.
11. ↑ Rushman, Geoffrey B.; Davies, N. J. H.; Atkinson, Richard Stuart (1996). A Short History of Anaesthesia: The First 150 Years. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 39\. ISBN 9780750630665. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10.
12. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
13. ↑ Wyatt, Jonathan P.; Illingworth, Robin N.; Graham, Colin A.; Hogg, Kerstin; Robertson, Colin; Clancy, Michael (2012). Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine. OUP Oxford. p. 95\. ISBN 9780191016059. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
14. ↑ Ferreyro, BL; Angriman, F; Munshi, L; Del Sorbo, L; Ferguson, ND; Rochwerg, B; Ryu, MJ; Saskin, R; Wunsch, H; da Costa, BR; Scales, DC (7 July 2020). "Association of Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategies With All-Cause Mortality in Adults With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA. 324 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.9524. PMID 32496521.
15. ↑ McDonald, Christine F; Crockett, Alan J; Young, Iven H (2005). "Adult domicilariary oxygen. Position statement of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand". The Medical Journal of Australia. 182 (12): 621–26. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06848.x. hdl:2440/17207. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14.
16. ↑ Stoller, JK.; Panos, RJ.; Krachman, S.; Doherty, DE.; Make, B. (Jul 2010). "Oxygen therapy for patients with COPD: current evidence and the long-term oxygen treatment trial". Chest. 138 (1): 179–87. doi:10.1378/chest.09-2555. PMC 2897694. PMID 20605816.
17. ↑ Cranston, Josephine M.; Crockett, Alan; Moss, John; Alpers, John H. (2005-10-19). "The Cochrane Library". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (4): CD001744. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001744.pub2. PMC 6464709. PMID 16235285.
18. ↑ Abernethy, Amy P.; McDonald, Christine F.; Frith, Peter A.; Clark, Katherine; Herndon, James E., II; Marcello, Jennifer; Young, Iven H.; Bull, Janet; Wilcock, Andrew; Booth, Sara; Wheeler, Jane L.; Tulsky, James A.; Crockett, Alan J.; Currow, David C. (4 September 2010). "Effect of palliative oxygen versus room air in relief of breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnoea: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 376 (9743): 784–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61115-4. PMC 2962424. PMID 20816546.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Clinical Guidelines Update – Oxygen" (PDF). Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee/Warwick University. April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
20. ↑ O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG (October 2008). "BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients". Thorax. British Thoracic Society. 63 (Suppl 6:vi): vi1–vi68. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.102947. PMID 18838559. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-13.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Siemieniuk, Reed A C; Chu, Derek K; Kim, Lisa Ha-Yeon; Güell-Rous, Maria-Rosa; Alhazzani, Waleed; Soccal, Paola M; Karanicolas, Paul J; Farhoumand, Pauline D; Siemieniuk, Jillian L K; Satia, Imran; Irusen, Elvis M; Refaat, Marwan M; Mikita, J Stephen; Smith, Maureen; Cohen, Dian N; Vandvik, Per O; Agoritsas, Thomas; Lytvyn, Lyubov; Guyatt, Gordon H (24 October 2018). "Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline". BMJ. 363: k4169. doi:10.1136/bmj.k4169. PMID 30355567.
22. ↑ Sands, George. "Oxygen Therapy for Headaches". Archived from the original on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society, archived from the original on 2013-11-03, retrieved 2013-01-06, which cites
* Croxton, T. L.; Bailey, W. C.; for the NHLBI Working Group on Long-term Oxygen Treatment in COPD (2006). "Long-term Oxygen Treatment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Recommendations for Future Research". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 174 (4): 373–78. doi:10.1164/rccm.200507-1161WS. PMC 2648117. PMID 16614349.
* O'Driscoll, B. R.; Howard, L. S.; Davison, A. G.; British Thoracic, S. (2008). "BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients". Thorax. 63: vi1–v68. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.102947. PMID 18838559.
* MacNee, W. (2005). "Prescription of Oxygen". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 172 (5): 517–18. doi:10.1164/rccm.2506007. PMID 16120712.
24. ↑ Patarinski, D (1976). "Indications and contraindications for oxygen therapy of respiratory insufficiency". Vŭtreshni Bolesti (in Bulgarian and English). 15 (4): 44–50. PMID 1007238.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
25. ↑ "Experience with paraquat poisoning in a respiratory intensive care unit in North India" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
26. ↑ "EMT Medication Formulary" (PDF). PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines. Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council. 15 July 2009. p. 84\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
27. ↑ Smerz, R.W. (2004). "Incidence of oxygen toxicity during the treatment of dysbarism". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 31 (2): 199–202. PMID 15485081. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
28. ↑ Hampson, Neal B.; Simonson, Steven G.; Kramer, C.C.; Piantadosi, Claude A. (1996). "Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 23 (4): 215–19. PMID 8989851. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Brubakk, A. O.; T. S. Neuman (2003). Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (5th Rev ed.). United States: Saunders Ltd. p. 800\. ISBN 0-7020-2571-2.
30. ↑ Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. "Decompression Sickness or Illness and Arterial Gas Embolism". Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
31. ↑ Acott, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
32. ↑ Longphre, J. M.; P. J. DeNoble; R. E. Moon; R. D. Vann; J. J. Freiberger (2007). "First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries". Undersea Hyperb. Med. 34 (1): 43–49. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 17393938. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
33. ↑ Kol S, Adir Y, Gordon CR, Melamed Y (June 1993). "Oxy-helium treatment of severe spinal decompression sickness after air diving". Undersea Hyperb Med. 20 (2): 147–54. PMID 8329941. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Austin, Michael A; Wills, Karen E; Blizzard, Leigh; Walters, Eugene H; Wood-Baker, Richard (18 October 2010). "Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial". British Medical Journal. 341 (oct18 2): c5462. doi:10.1136/bmj.c5462. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2957540. PMID 20959284. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
35. ↑ Kim, Victor; Benditt, Joshua O; Wise, Robert A; Sharafkhaneh, Amir (2008). "Oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 5 (4): 513–18. doi:10.1513/pats.200708-124ET. PMC 2645328. PMID 18453364.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Werley, Barry L. (Edtr.) (1991). Fire Hazards in Oxygen Systems. Philadelphia: ASTM International Subcommittee G-4.05. `{{cite conference}}`: Unknown parameter `|booktitle=` ignored (help)
37. ↑ Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) [First published 2000]. "Apollo 1 – The Fire: 27 January 1967". Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference. NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-16-050631-X. LCCN 00061677. NASA SP-2000-4029. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2017. `{{cite book}}`: Unknown parameter `|chapterurl=` ignored (help)
38. ↑ Lindford AJ, Tehrani H, Sassoon EM, O'Neill TJ (June 2006). "Home Oxygen Therapy and Cigarette Smoking: A Dangerous Practice". Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 19 (2). Archived from the original on 2008-11-21.
39. ↑ "Oxygen Therapy". American Cancer Society. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
40. ↑ "Luxfer Aluminum Oxygen Cylinders". CPR Savers & First Aid Supply. Archived from the original on 2010-04-18. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
41. ↑ McCoy, Robert. "Portable Oxygen Concentrators (POC) Performance Variables that Affect Therapy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-09. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
42. ↑ Evaluation of the System O2 Inc. Portable Nonpressurized Oxygen Delivery System[permanent dead link]
43. ↑ Kallstrom 2002
44. ↑ Garcia JA, Gardner D, Vines D, Shelledy D, Wettstein R, Peters J (October 2005). "The Oxygen Concentrations Delivered by Different Oxygen Therapy Systems". Chest Meeting. 128 (4): 389S–390S. doi:10.1378/chest.128.4_meetingabstracts.389s-b.[permanent dead link]
45. ↑ Earl, John. Delivery of High FiO
2. Cardinal Health Respiratory Abstracts.
46. ↑ Accurate Oxygen Delivery Archived 2013-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
47. ↑ Sim, DA; Dean, P; Kinsella, J; Black, R; Carter, R; Hughes, M (September 2008). "Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated". Anaesthesia. 63 (9): 938–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x. PMID 18540928.
48. ↑ Roca O, Riera J, Torres F, Masclans JR (April 2010). "High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure". Respiratory Care. 55 (4): 408–13. PMID 20406507. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11.
49. ↑ Cyanide poisoning – New recommendations on first aid treatment Archived 2009-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
50. ↑ Hui DS, Hall SD, Chan MT, et al. (August 2007). "Exhaled air dispersion during oxygen delivery via a simple oxygen mask". Chest. 132 (2): 540–46. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0636. PMC 7094533. PMID 17573505.[permanent dead link]
51. ↑ Mardimae A, Slessarev M, Han J, et al. (October 2006). "Modified N95 mask delivers high inspired oxygen concentrations while effectively filtering aerosolized microparticles". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 48 (4): 391–99, 399.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.06.039. PMC 7118976. PMID 16997675.
52. ↑ Somogyi R, Vesely AE, Azami T, et al. (March 2004). "Dispersal of respiratory droplets with open vs closed oxygen delivery masks: implications for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome". Chest. 125 (3): 1155–57. doi:10.1378/chest.125.3.1155. PMC 7094599. PMID 15006983.[permanent dead link]
53. ↑ "FAA Approved Portable Oxygen Concentrators – Positive Testing Results". faa.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-06-22. "(As of November 2014[update]) Positive Testing Results: AirSep FreeStyle, AirSep LifeStyle, AirSep Focus, AirSep Freestyle 5, (Caire) SeQual eQuinox / Oxywell (model 4000), Delphi RS-00400 / Oxus RS-00400, DeVilbiss Healthcare iGo, Inogen One, Inogen One G2, lnogen One G3, lnova Labs LifeChoice Activox, International Biophysics LifeChoice / lnova Labs LifeChoice, Invacare XPO2, Invacare Solo 2, Oxylife Independence Oxygen Concentrator, Precision Medical EasyPulse, Respironics EverGo, Respironics SimplyGo, Sequal Eclipse, SeQual SAROS, VBox Trooper" `{{cite web}}`: External link in ``|quote=`` (help)

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Kallstrom, TJ (June 2002). "American Association for Respiratory Care Clinical Practice Guideline: Oxygen therapy for adults in the acute care facility – 2002 Revision & Update". Respir Care. 47 (6): 717–20. PMID 12078655.
* Cahill Lambert AE (November 2005). "Adult domiciliary oxygen therapy: a patient's perspective". The Medical Journal of Australia. 183 (9): 472–73. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07125.x. PMID 16274348. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2009-04-19.

* v
* t
* e

Tests and procedures involving the respiratory system

Surgery|

| Upper RT|

nose

Rhinoplasty
Septoplasty
Somnoplasty
Alarplasty
Rhinectomy
Rhinomanometry
Acoustic rhinometry

sinus

Sinusotomy

larynx

Laryngoscopy
Laryngectomy
Laryngotomy

Thyrotomy
Laryngotracheal reconstruction

|

Lower RT|

trachea

Cricothyrotomy
Tracheoesophageal puncture
Tracheotomy

bronchus

Bronchoscopy

lung

Pneumonectomy
Lobectomy
Wedge resection
Transplantation
Decortication
Heart–lung transplant

Chest wall, pleura,
mediastinum,
and diaphragm|

pleura/pleural cavity

Pleurodesis
Thoracoscopy
Thoracotomy (Chest tube, Thoracentesis, Needle thoracostomy)

mediastinum

Mediastinoscopy

Nuss procedure

Tests|

| Medical imaging|

* Bronchography
* CT pulmonary angiogram
* High-resolution computed tomography
* Spiral CT
* Ventilation/perfusion scan

|

Clinical prediction rule|

* Pneumonia severity index
* CURB-65

Lung function test|

* Body plethysmography
* Spirometry
* Bronchial challenge test
* Capnography
* Diffusion capacity

Cytology|

* Bronchoalveolar lavage
* Nasopharyngeal swab
* Sputum culture

Other|

* Blood gas test

Other procedures|

| Oxygen therapy|

* Intubation
* Surgical airway management
* Mechanical ventilation
* Negative pressure ventilator
* Positive pressure ventilation

|

Respiratory therapy|

* Artificial respiration
* CPR
* Hyperbaric medicine
* Decompression chamber
* Heliox
* Nebulizer
* Postural drainage
* Hyperinflation therapy
* Pulmonary hygiene
* Pulmonary rehabilitation

* v
* t
* e

Cardiopulmonary therapy

Diagnostic|

* Pulmonary function testing
* Polysomnography

Disease|

* Asthma
* Bronchiectasis
* COPD
* Cystic fibrosis
* Tuberculosis
* Pneumonia

Therapy|

* Hyperinflation therapy
* Pulmonary hygiene
* Mechanical ventilation
* Oxygen therapy

See also|

* Health care

* v
* t
* e

Underwater diving

* Diving modes
* Atmospheric pressure diving
* Freediving
* Saturation diving
* Scuba diving
* Snorkeling
* Surface oriented diving
* Surface-supplied diving
* Unmanned diving

Diving equipment

* Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment
* Human factors in diving equipment design

| Basic equipment|

* Diving mask
* Snorkel
* Swimfin

|

Breathing gas|

* Bailout gas
* Bottom gas
* Breathing air
* Decompression gas
* Emergency gas supply
* Heliox
* Nitrox
* Oxygen
* Travel gas
* Trimix

Buoyancy and
trim equipment|

* Buoyancy compensator
* Power inflator
* Dump valve
* Diving weighting system
* Ankle weights
* Integrated weights
* Trim weights
* Weight belt

Decompression
equipment|

* Decompression buoy
* Decompression cylinder
* Decompression trapeze
* Dive computer
* Diving shot
* Jersey upline
* Jonline

Diving suit|

* Atmospheric diving suit
* Dry suit
* Sladen suit
* Standard diving suit
* Rash vest
* Wetsuit
* Dive skins
* Hot-water suit

Helmets
and masks|

* Anti-fog
* Diving helmet
* Free-flow helmet
* Lightweight demand helmet
* Orinasal mask
* Reclaim helmet
* Shallow water helmet
* Standard diving helmet
* Diving mask
* Band mask
* Full-face mask
* Half mask

Instrumentation|

* Bottom timer
* Depth gauge
* Dive computer
* Dive timer
* Diving watch
* Helium release valve
* Pneumofathometer
* Submersible pressure gauge

Mobility
equipment|

* Diving bell
* Closed bell
* Wet bell
* Diving stage
* Swimfin
* Monofin
* PowerSwim
* Towboard

| Diver
propulsion
vehicle|

* Advanced SEAL Delivery System
* Cosmos CE2F series
* Dry Combat Submersible
* Human torpedo
* Motorised Submersible Canoe
* Necker Nymph
* R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle
* SEAL Delivery Vehicle
* Shallow Water Combat Submersible
* Siluro San Bartolomeo
* Wet Nellie
* Wet sub

|

Safety
equipment|

* Alternative air source
* Octopus regulator
* Pony bottle
* Bolt snap
* Buddy line
* Dive light
* Diver's cutting tool
* Diver's knife
* Diver's telephone
* Through-water communications
* Diving bell
* Diving safety harness
* Emergency gas supply
* Bailout block
* Bailout bottle
* Lifeline
* Screw gate carabiner
* Emergency locator beacon
* Rescue tether
* Safety helmet
* Shark-proof cage
* Snoopy loop
* Navigation equipment
* Distance line
* Diving compass
* Dive reel
* Line marker
* Surface marker buoy
* Silt screw

Underwater
breathing
apparatus|

* Atmospheric diving suit
* Diving cylinder
* Burst disc
* Diving cylinder valve
* Diving helmet
* Reclaim helmet
* Diving regulator
* Mechanism of diving regulators
* Regulator malfunction
* Regulator freeze
* Single-hose regulator
* Twin-hose regulator
* Full face diving mask

| Open-circuit
scuba|

* Scuba set
* Bailout bottle
* Decompression cylinder
* Independent doubles
* Manifolded twin set
* Scuba manifold
* Pony bottle
* Scuba configuration
* Sidemount
* Sling cylinder

|

Diving
rebreathers|

* Carbon dioxide scrubber
* Carleton CDBA
* CDLSE
* Cryogenic rebreather
* CUMA
* DSEA
* Dolphin
* Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
* FROGS
* Halcyon PVR-BASC
* Halcyon RB80
* IDA71
* Interspiro DCSC
* KISS
* LAR-5
* LAR-6
* LAR-V
* LARU
* Porpoise
* Ray
* Siebe Gorman CDBA
* Siva
* Viper

Surface-supplied
diving equipment|

* Air line
* Diver's umbilical
* Diving air compressor
* Gas panel
* Hookah
* Scuba replacement
* Sea Trek
* Snuba
* Standard diving dress

Escape set|

* Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
* Momsen lung
* Steinke hood
* Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment

Diving
equipment
manufacturers|

* AP Diving
* Apeks
* Aqua Lung America
* Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique
* Beuchat
* René Cavalero
* Cis-Lunar
* Cressi-Sub
* Dacor
* DESCO
* Dive Xtras
* Divex
* Diving Unlimited International
* Drägerwerk
* Fenzy
* Maurice Fernez
* Technisub
* Oscar Gugen
* Heinke
* HeinrichsWeikamp
* Johnson Outdoors
* Mares
* Morse Diving
* Nemrod
* Oceanic Worldwide
* Porpoise
* Sub Sea Systems
* Shearwater Research
* Siebe Gorman
* Submarine Products
* Suunto

Diving support equipment

| Access equipment|

* Boarding stirrup
* Diver lift
* Diving bell
* Diving ladder
* Diving platform (scuba)
* Diving stage
* Downline
* Jackstay
* Launch and recovery system
* Messenger line
* Moon pool

|

Breathing gas
handling|

* Air filtration
* Activated carbon
* Hopcalite
* Molecular sieve
* Silica gel
* Booster pump
* Carbon dioxide scrubber
* Cascade filling system
* Diver's pump
* Diving air compressor
* Diving air filter
* Water separator
* High pressure breathing air compressor
* Low pressure breathing air compressor
* Gas blending
* Gas blending for scuba diving
* Gas panel
* Gas reclaim system
* Gas storage bank
* Gas storage quad
* Gas storage tube
* Helium analyzer
* Nitrox production
* Membrane gas separation
* Pressure swing adsorption
* Oxygen analyser
* Oxygen compatibility

Decompression
equipment|

* Built-in breathing system
* Decompression tables
* Diving bell
* Bell cursor
* Closed bell
* Clump weight
* Launch and recovery system
* Wet bell
* Diving chamber
* Diving stage
* Recreational Dive Planner
* Saturation system

Platforms|

* Dive boat
* Canoe and kayak diving
* Combat Rubber Raiding Craft
* Liveaboard
* Subskimmer
* Diving support vessel
* HMS Challenger (K07)

| Underwater
habitat|

* Aquarius Reef Base
* Continental Shelf Station Two
* Helgoland Habitat
* Jules' Undersea Lodge
* Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station
* SEALAB
* Tektite habitat

|

Remotely operated
underwater vehicles|

* 8A4-class ROUV
* ABISMO
* Atlantis ROV Team
* CURV
* Deep Drone
* Épaulard
* Global Explorer ROV
* Goldfish-class ROUV
* Kaikō ROV
* Kaşif ROUV
* Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System
* Mini Rover ROV
* OpenROV
* ROV KIEL 6000
* ROV PHOCA
* Scorpio ROV
* Sea Dragon-class ROV
* Seabed tractor
* Seafox drone
* Seahorse ROUV
* SeaPerch
* SJT-class ROUV
* T1200 Trenching Unit
* VideoRay UROVs

Safety equipment|

* Diver down flag
* Diving shot
* Hyperbaric lifeboat
* Hyperbaric stretcher
* Jackstay
* Jonline
* Reserve gas supply

General|

* Diving spread
* Air spread
* Saturation spread
* Hot water system
* Sonar
* Underwater acoustic positioning system
* Underwater acoustic communication

Freediving

| Activities|

* Aquathlon
* Apnoea finswimming
* Freediving
* Haenyeo
* Pearl hunting
* Ama
* Snorkeling
* Spearfishing
* Underwater football
* Underwater hockey
* Underwater ice hockey
* Underwater rugby
* Underwater target shooting

|

Competitions|

* Nordic Deep
* Vertical Blue
* Disciplines
* Constant weight (CWT)
* Constant weight without fins (CNF)
* Dynamic apnea (DYN)
* Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF)
* Free immersion (FIM)
* No-limits apnea (NLT)
* Static apnea (STA)
* Skandalopetra diving
* Variable weight apnea (VWT)
* Variable weight apnea without fins

Equipment|

* Diving mask
* Diving suit
* Hawaiian sling
* Polespear
* Snorkel (swimming)
* Speargun
* Swimfins
* Monofin
* Water polo cap

Freedivers|

* Deborah Andollo
* Peppo Biscarini
* Sara Campbell
* Derya Can Göçen
* Goran Čolak
* Carlos Coste
* Robert Croft
* Mandy-Rae Cruickshank
* Yasemin Dalkılıç
* Leonardo D'Imporzano
* Flavia Eberhard
* Şahika Ercümen
* Emma Farrell
* Francisco Ferreras
* Pierre Frolla
* Flavia Eberhard
* Mehgan Heaney-Grier
* Elisabeth Kristoffersen
* Loïc Leferme
* Enzo Maiorca
* Jacques Mayol
* Audrey Mestre
* Karol Meyer
* Stéphane Mifsud
* Alexey Molchanov
* Natalia Molchanova
* Dave Mullins
* Patrick Musimu
* Guillaume Néry
* Herbert Nitsch
* Umberto Pelizzari
* Annelie Pompe
* Michal Risian
* Stig Severinsen
* Tom Sietas
* Aharon Solomons
* Martin Štěpánek
* Walter Steyn
* Tanya Streeter
* William Trubridge
* Devrim Cenk Ulusoy
* Danai Varveri
* Alessia Zecchini
* Nataliia Zharkova

Hazards|

* Barotrauma
* Drowning
* Freediving blackout
* Deep-water blackout
* Shallow-water blackout
* Hypercapnia
* Hypothermia

Historical|

* Ama
* Octopus wrestling
* Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

Organisations|

* AIDA International
* Scuba Schools International
* Australian Underwater Federation
* British Freediving Association
* Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
* Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
* Performance Freediving International

Professional diving

| Occupations|

* Ama
* Commercial diver
* Commercial offshore diver
* Hazmat diver
* Divemaster
* Diving instructor
* Diving safety officer
* Diving superintendent
* Diving supervisor
* Haenyeo
* Media diver
* Police diver
* Public safety diver
* Scientific diver
* Underwater archaeologist

| Military diving|

* Army engineer diver
* Clearance diver
* Frogman
* List of military diving units
* Royal Navy ships diver
* Special Boat Service
* United States military divers
* U.S. Navy diver
* U.S.Navy master diver
* United States Navy SEALs
* Underwater Demolition Team

|

Underwater work|

* Commercial offshore diving
* Dive leader
* Diver training
* Recreational diver training
* Hyperbaric welding
* Media diving
* Nondestructive testing
* Pearl hunting
* Police diving
* Potable water diving
* Public safety diving
* Scientific diving
* Ships husbandry
* Sponge diving
* Submarine pipeline
* Underwater archaeology
* Archaeology of shipwrecks
* Underwater construction
* Offshore construction
* Underwater demolition
* Underwater photography
* Underwater search and recovery
* Underwater videography

| Salvage diving|

* SS Egypt
* Kronan
* La Belle
* SS Laurentic
* RMS Lusitania
* Mars
* Mary Rose
* USS Monitor
* HMS Royal George
* Vasa

|

Diving contractors|

* COMEX
* Helix Energy Solutions Group

Tools & equipment|

* Abrasive waterjet
* Airlift
* Baited remote underwater video
* In-water surface cleaning
* Brush cart
* Cavitation cleaning
* Pressure washing
* Pigging
* Lifting bag
* Remotely operated underwater vehicle
* Thermal lance
* Tremie
* Water jetting

Underwater
weapons|

* Limpet mine
* Speargun
* Hawaiian sling
* Polespear

| Underwater
firearm|

* Gyrojet
* Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun
* Powerhead
* Underwater pistols
* Heckler & Koch P11
* SPP-1 underwater pistol
* Underwater revolvers
* AAI underwater revolver
* Underwater rifles
* ADS amphibious rifle
* APS underwater rifle
* ASM-DT amphibious rifle

|

Recreational diving

| Specialties|

* Altitude diving
* Cave diving
* Deep diving
* Ice diving
* Muck diving
* Open-water diving
* Rebreather diving
* Sidemount diving
* Solo diving
* Technical diving
* Underwater photography
* Wreck diving

|

Diver
organisations|

* British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
* Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA)
* Cave Diving Group (CDG)
* Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
* Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
* Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
* Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
* International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
* National Association for Cave Diving (NACD)
* Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP)

Diving tourism
industry|

* Dive center
* Environmental impact of recreational diving
* Scuba diving tourism
* Shark tourism
* Sinking ships for wreck diving sites

Diving events
and festivals|

* Diversnight
* Underwater Bike Race

Recreational
dive sites|

| Reef diving
regions|

* Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
* Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* Great Barrier Reef
* iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
* Poor Knights Islands
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area

|

Reef dive
sites|

* Artificial reef
* Gibraltar Artificial Reef
* Shark River Reef
* Osborne Reef
* Fanadir
* Gamul Kebir
* Palancar Reef
* Underwater artworks
* Cancún Underwater Museum
* Christ of the Abyss
* Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park

Wreck diving
regions|

* Chuuk Lagoon
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association
* Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan
* Michigan Underwater Preserves
* Robben Island Marine Protected Area
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
* Tulagi
* Tulamben
* Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve
* Wreck Alley, San Diego

Wreck dive
sites|

* HMS A1
* HMS A3
* USS Aaron Ward
* Abessinia
* Aeolian Sky
* Albert C. Field
* Andrea Doria
* Antilla
* Antilles
* Aquila
* USS Arkansas
* Bianca C.
* SS Binnendijk
* HMS Boadicea
* Booya
* HMSAS Bloemfontein
* Breda
* HMAS Brisbane
* HMHS Britannic
* Bungsberg
* HMAS Canberra
* Carl D. Bradley
* Carnatic
* SMS Dresden
* Dunraven
* Eastfield
* HMT Elk
* Ellengowan
* RMS Empress of Ireland
* HMS Falmouth
* Fifi
* SS Francisco Morazan
* Fujikawa Maru
* Fumizuki
* SATS General Botha
* USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg
* HMS Ghurka
* Glen Strathallan
* SAS Good Hope
* Gothenburg
* Herzogin Cecilie
* Hilma Hooker
* Hispania
* HMS Hood
* HMAS Hobart
* Igara
* James Eagan Layne
* Captain Keith Tibbetts
* King Cruiser
* SMS Kronprinz
* Kyarra
* HMS Laforey
* USAT Liberty
* Louis Sheid
* USS LST-507
* SMS Markgraf
* Mikhail Lermontov
* HMS M2
* Maine
* Maloja
* HMS Maori
* Marguerite
* SS Mauna Loa
* USAT Meigs
* Mendi
* USCGC Mohawk
* Mohegan
* RMS Moldavia
* HMS Montagu
* MV RMS Mulheim
* Nagato
* Oceana
* USS Oriskany
* Oslofjord
* P29
* P31
* Pedernales
* Persier
* HMAS Perth
* SAS Pietermaritzburg
* Piłsudski
* Pool Fisher
* HMS Port Napier
* Preußen
* President Coolidge
* PS Queen Victoria
* Radaas
* Rainbow Warrior
* RMS Rhone
* Rondo
* Rosehill
* Rotorua
* Royal Adelaide
* Royal Charter
* Rozi
* HMS Safari
* Salem Express
* USS Saratoga
* USS Scuffle
* HMS Scylla
* HMS Sidon
* USS Spiegel Grove
* Stanegarth
* Stanwood
* Stella
* HMAS Swan
* USS Tarpon
* Thesis
* Thistlegorm
* Toa Maru
* Torrey Canyon
* SAS Transvaal
* U-40
* U-352
* U-1195
* Um El Faroud
* Varvassi
* Walter L M Russ
* Washingtonian (1913)
* HMNZS Wellington
* USS Yancey
* Yongala
* Zenobia
* Zealandia
* Zingara

Cave diving
sites|

* Blauhöhle
* Chinhoyi Caves
* Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
* Engelbrecht Cave
* Fossil Cave
* Jordbrugrotta
* Piccaninnie Ponds
* Pluragrotta
* Pollatoomary
* Sistema Ox Bel Ha
* Sistema Sac Actun
* Sistema Dos Ojos
* Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich

Freshwater
dives|

* Dutch Springs
* Ewens Ponds
* Little Blue Lake

Training sites|

* Capernwray Dive Centre
* Deepspot
* National Diving and Activity Centre
* Stoney Cove

Open ocean
diving|

* Blue-water diving
* Black-water diving

Diving safety

* Human factors in diving equipment design
* Human factors in diving safety
* Life-support system
* Safety-critical system
* Scuba diving fatalities

| Diving
hazards|

* List of diving hazards and precautions
* Environmental
* Current
* Delta-P
* Entanglement hazard
* Overhead
* Silt out
* Wave action
* Equipment
* Freeflow
* Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment
* Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus
* Single point of failure
* Physiological
* Cold shock response
* Decompression
* Nitrogen narcosis
* Oxygen toxicity
* Seasickness
* Uncontrolled decompression
* Diver behaviour and competence
* Lack of competence
* Overconfidence effect
* Panic
* Task loading
* Trait anxiety
* Willful violation

| Consequences|

* Barotrauma
* Decompression sickness
* Drowning
* Hypothermia
* Hypoxia
* Hypercapnia
* Hyperthermia

|

Diving
procedures|

* Ascending and descending
* Emergency ascent
* Boat diving
* Canoe and kayak diving
* Buddy diving
* buddy check
* Decompression
* Decompression practice
* Pyle stop
* Ratio decompression
* Dive briefing
* Dive log
* Dive planning
* Scuba gas planning
* Diver communications
* Diving hand signals
* Diving line signals
* Diver voice communications
* Diver rescue
* Diver training
* Doing It Right
* Drift diving
* Gas blending for scuba diving
* Night diving
* Solo diving
* Water safety

Risk
management|

* Checklist
* Hazard identification and risk assessment
* Hazard analysis
* Job safety analysis
* Risk assessment
* Risk control
* Hierarchy of hazard controls
* Incident pit
* Lockout–tagout
* Permit To Work
* Redundancy
* Safety data sheet
* Situation awareness

| Diving team|

* Bellman
* Chamber operator
* Diver medical technician
* Diver's attendant
* Diving supervisor
* Diving systems technician
* Gas man
* Life support technician
* Stand-by diver

|

Equipment
safety|

* Breathing gas quality
* Testing and inspection of diving cylinders
* Hydrostatic test
* Sustained load cracking
* Diving regulator
* Breathing performance of regulators

Occupational
safety and
health|

* Approaches to safety
* Job safety analysis
* Risk assessment
* Toolbox talk
* Housekeeping
* Association of Diving Contractors International
* Code of practice
* Contingency plan
* Diving regulations
* Emergency procedure
* Emergency response plan
* Evacuation plan
* Hazardous Materials Identification System
* Hierarchy of hazard controls
* Administrative controls
* Engineering controls
* Hazard elimination
* Hazard substitution
* Personal protective equipment
* International Marine Contractors Association
* Occupational hazard
* Biological hazard
* Chemical hazard
* Physical hazard
* Psychosocial hazard
* Occupational hygiene
* Exposure assessment
* Occupational exposure limit
* Workplace health surveillance
* Safety culture
* Code of practice
* Diving safety officer
* Diving superintendent
* Health and safety representative
* Operations manual
* Safety meeting
* Standard operating procedure

Diving medicine

| Diving
disorders|

* List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
* Cramp
* Motion sickness
* Surfer's ear

| Pressure
related|

* Alternobaric vertigo
* Barostriction
* Barotrauma
* Air embolism
* Aerosinusitis
* Barodontalgia
* Dental barotrauma
* Pulmonary barotrauma
* Compression arthralgia
* Decompression illness
* Dysbarism

| Oxygen|

* Freediving blackout
* Hyperoxia
* Hypoxia
* Oxygen toxicity

|

Inert gases|

* Avascular necrosis
* Decompression sickness
* Isobaric counterdiffusion
* Taravana
* Dysbaric osteonecrosis
* High-pressure nervous syndrome
* Hydrogen narcosis
* Nitrogen narcosis

Carbon dioxide|

* Hypercapnia
* Hypocapnia

Breathing gas
contaminants|

* Carbon monoxide poisoning

Immersion
related|

* Asphyxia
* Drowning
* Hypothermia
* Immersion diuresis
* Instinctive drowning response
* Laryngospasm
* Salt water aspiration syndrome
* Swimming-induced pulmonary edema

Treatment|

* Demand valve oxygen therapy
* First aid
* Hyperbaric medicine
* Hyperbaric treatment schedules
* In-water recompression
* Oxygen therapy
* Therapeutic recompression

Personnel|

* Diving Medical Examiner
* Diving Medical Practitioner
* Diving Medical Technician
* Hyperbaric nursing

Screening|

* Atrial septal defect
* Effects of drugs on fitness to dive
* Fitness to dive
* Psychological fitness to dive

Research|

| Researchers in
diving physiology
and medicine|

* Arthur J. Bachrach
* Albert R. Behnke
* Paul Bert
* George F. Bond
* Robert Boyle
* Albert A. Bühlmann
* John R. Clarke
* Guybon Chesney Castell Damant
* Kenneth William Donald
* William Paul Fife
* John Scott Haldane
* Robert William Hamilton Jr.
* Leonard Erskine Hill
* Brian Andrew Hills
* Felix Hoppe-Seyler
* Christian J. Lambertsen
* Simon Mitchell
* Charles Momsen
* John Rawlins R.N.
* Charles Wesley Shilling
* Edward D. Thalmann
* Jacques Triger

|

Diving medical
research
organisations|

* Aerospace Medical Association
* Divers Alert Network (DAN)
* Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC)
* Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC)
* European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC)
* European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS)
* National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
* Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
* Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
* Rubicon Foundation
* South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS)
* Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA)
* Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS)
* United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU)

Law

* Civil liability in recreational diving
* Diving regulations
* Duty of care
* List of legislation regulating underwater diving
* Investigation of diving accidents
* UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

History of underwater diving

* History of decompression research and development
* History of scuba diving
* List of researchers in underwater diving
* Timeline of diving technology
* Underwater diving in popular culture

| Archeological
sites|

* SS Commodore
* USS Monitor
* Queen Anne's Revenge
* Whydah Gally

|

Underwater art
and artists|

* The Diver
* Jason deCaires Taylor

Engineers
and inventors|

* William Beebe
* Georges Beuchat
* John R. Clarke
* Jacques Cousteau
* Charles Anthony Deane
* John Deane
* Ted Eldred
* Henry Fleuss
* Émile Gagnan
* Joseph-Martin Cabirol
* Christian J. Lambertsen
* Yves Le Prieur
* John Lethbridge
* Ernest William Moir
* Joseph Salim Peress
* Auguste Piccard
* Willard Franklyn Searle
* Augustus Siebe
* Jacques Triger

Equipment|

* Aqua-Lung
* RV Calypso
* SP-350 Denise
* Nikonos
* Porpoise regulator
* Standard diving dress
* Vintage scuba

Military and
covert operations|

* Raid on Alexandria (1941)
* Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

Scientific projects|

* 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition
* Mission 31

Incidents|

| Dive boat incidents|

* Sinking of MV Conception
* Fire on MV Red Sea Aggressor

|

Diver rescues|

* Alpazat cave rescue
* Tham Luang cave rescue

Early diving|

* John Day (carpenter)
* Charles Spalding
* Ebenezer Watson

Freediving fatalities|

* Loïc Leferme
* Audrey Mestre
* Nicholas Mevoli
* Natalia Molchanova

Offshore
diving incidents|

* Byford Dolphin diving bell accident
* Drill Master diving accident
* Star Canopus diving accident
* Stena Seaspread diving accident
* Venture One diving accident
* Waage Drill II diving accident
* Wildrake diving accident

Professional
diving fatalities|

* Roger Baldwin
* John Bennett
* Victor F. Guiel Jr.
* Craig M. Hoffman
* Peter Henry Michael Holmes
* Johnson Sea Link accident
* Edwin Clayton Link
* Gerard Anthony Prangley
* Pier Skipness
* Robert John Smyth
* Albert D. Stover
* Richard A. Walker
* Lothar Michael Ward
* Joachim Wendler
* Bradley Westell
* Arne Zetterström

Scuba diving
fatalities|

* Ricardo Armbruster
* Allan Bridge
* David Bright
* Berry L. Cannon
* Cotton Coulson
* Cláudio Coutinho
* E. Yale Dawson
* Deon Dreyer
* Milan Dufek
* Sheck Exley
* Maurice Fargues
* Fernando Garfella Palmer
* Guy Garman
* Steve Irwin
* Jim Jones
* Henry Way Kendall
* Artur Kozłowski
* Chris and Chrissy Rouse
* Kirsty MacColl
* Agnes Milowka
* François de Roubaix
* Dave Shaw
* Wesley C. Skiles
* Dewey Smith
* Rob Stewart
* Esbjörn Svensson
* Josef Velek

Publications

| Manuals|

* NOAA Diving Manual
* U.S. Navy Diving Manual
* Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
* Underwater Handbook
* Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
* Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
* The new science of skin and scuba diving
* Professional Diver's Handbook
* Basic Scuba

|

Standards and
Codes of Practice|

* Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)
* DIN 7876
* IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving
* ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

General non-fiction|

* The Darkness Beckons
* Goldfinder
* The Last Dive
* Shadow Divers
* The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

Research|

* List of Divers Alert Network publications

Dive guides|

Training and registration

| Diver
training|

* Competence and assessment
* Competency-based learning
* Refresher training
* Skill assessment
* Diver training standard
* Diving instructor
* Diving school
* Occupational diver training
* Commercial diver training
* Military diver training
* Public safety diver training
* Scientific diver training
* Recreational diver training
* Introductory diving
* Teaching method
* Muscle memory
* Overlearning
* Stress exposure training

| Skills|

* Combat sidestroke
* Diver navigation
* Diver trim
* Ear clearing
* Frenzel maneuver
* Valsalva maneuver
* Finning techniques
* Scuba skills
* Buddy breathing
* Low impact diving
* Diamond Reef System
* Surface-supplied diving skills
* Underwater searches

|

Recreational
scuba
certification
levels|

| Core diving skills|

* Advanced Open Water Diver
* Autonomous diver
* CMAS* scuba diver
* CMAS** scuba diver
* Introductory diving
* Low Impact Diver
* Master Scuba Diver
* Open Water Diver
* Supervised diver

|

Leadership skills|

* Dive leader
* Divemaster
* Diving instructor
* Master Instructor

Specialist skills|

* Rescue Diver
* Solo diver

Diver training
certification
and registration
organisations|

* European Underwater Federation (EUF)
* International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF)
* International Diving Schools Association (IDSA)
* International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA)
* List of diver certification organizations
* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
* Nautical Archaeology Society
* Universal Referral Program
* World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC)

| Commercial diver
certification
authorities|

* Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS)
* Commercial diver registration in South Africa
* Divers Institute of Technology
* Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
* Department of Employment and Labour

|

Commercial diving
schools|

* Divers Academy International
* Norwegian diver school

Free-diving
certification
agencies|

* AIDA International (AIDA)
* Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
* Performance Freediving International (PI)
* Scuba Schools International (SSI)

Recreational scuba
certification
agencies|

* American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)
* American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
* Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP)
* British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
* Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
* Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
* Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
* Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
* Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
* Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
* International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
* International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
* International Diving Educators Association (IDEA)
* Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
* National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE)
* National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
* Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
* Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
* Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
* Sub-Aqua Association (SAA)
* Scuba Diving International (SDI)
* Scuba Educators International (SEI)
* Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC)
* Scuba Schools International (SSI)
* Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF)
* United Diving Instructors (UDI)
* YMCA SCUBA Program

Scientific diver
certification
authorities|

* American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS)
* CMAS Scientific Committee

Technical
certification
agencies|

* American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
* British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
* Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
* Diving Science and Technology (DSAT)
* Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
* International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
* Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
* Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
* Trimix Scuba Association (TSA)
* Technical Extended Range (TXR)

| Cave
diving|

* Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA)
* Cave Diving Group (CDG)
* Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
* National Association for Cave Diving (NACD)
* National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG)
* National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
* Technical Diving International (TDI)

|

Underwater sports

| Surface snorkeling|

* Finswimming

|

Snorkeling/breath-hold|

* Spearfishing
* Underwater football
* Underwater hockey
* Australia
* Turkey
* Underwater rugby
* Colombia
* United States
* Underwater target shooting

Breath-hold|

* Aquathlon
* Apnoea finswimming
* Freediving
* Underwater ice hockey

Open Circuit Scuba|

* Immersion finswimming
* Sport diving
* Underwater cycling
* Underwater orienteering
* Underwater photography

Rebreather|

* Underwater photography

Sports governing
organisations
and federations|

* International
* AIDA International
* Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques)
* National
* AIDA Hellas
* Australian Underwater Federation
* British Freediving Association
* British Octopush Association
* British Underwater Sports Association
* Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
* Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas
* Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
* South African Underwater Sports Federation
* Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu
* Underwater Society of America)

Competitions|

* 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

Underwater divers

| Pioneers
of diving|

* Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro
* Aquanaut
* James F. Cahill
* Jacques Cousteau
* Billy Deans
* Dottie Frazier
* Hans Hass
* Dick Rutkowski
* Teseo Tesei
* Arne Zetterström

|

Underwater
scientists
archaeologists and
environmentalists|

* Michael Arbuthnot
* Robert Ballard
* George Bass
* Mensun Bound
* Louis Boutan
* Hugh Bradner
* Cathy Church
* Eugenie Clark
* James P. Delgado
* Sylvia Earle
* John Christopher Fine
* George R. Fischer
* Anders Franzén
* Honor Frost
* Fernando Garfella Palmer
* David Gibbins
* Graham Jessop
* Swietenia Puspa Lestari
* Pilar Luna
* Robert F. Marx
* Anna Marguerite McCann
* Innes McCartney
* Charles T. Meide
* David Moore
* Mark M. Newell
* Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova
* John Peter Oleson
* Mendel L. Peterson
* Richard Pyle
* William R. Royal
* Margaret Rule
* Gunter Schöbel
* Stephanie Schwabe
* Myriam Seco
* E. Lee Spence
* Robert Sténuit
* Peter Throckmorton

Scuba record
holders|

* Pascal Bernabé
* Jim Bowden
* Mark Ellyatt
* Sheck Exley
* Nuno Gomes
* Claudia Serpieri
* Krzysztof Starnawski

Underwater
filmmakers
and presenters|

* Samir Alhafith
* David Attenborough
* Ramón Bravo
* Jean-Michel Cousteau
* Richie Kohler
* Ivan Tors
* Andrew Wight

Underwater
photographers|

* Tamara Benitez
* Georges Beuchat
* Adrian Biddle
* Jonathan Bird
* Eric Cheng
* Neville Coleman
* Jacques Cousteau
* John D. Craig
* Ben Cropp
* Bernard Delemotte
* David Doubilet
* John Christopher Fine
* Dermot FitzGerald
* Rodney Fox
* Ric Frazier
* Stephen Frink
* Peter Gimbel
* Monty Halls
* Hans Hass
* Henry Way Kendall
* Rudie Kuiter
* Joseph B. MacInnis
* Luis Marden
* Agnes Milowka
* Noel Monkman
* Steve Parish
* Zale Parry
* Pierre Petit
* Leni Riefenstahl
* Peter Scoones
* Brian Skerry
* Wesley C. Skiles
* E. Lee Spence
* Philippe Tailliez
* Ron Taylor
* Valerie Taylor
* Albert Tillman
* John Veltri
* Stan Waterman
* Michele Westmorland
* John Ernest Williamson
* J. Lamar Worzel

Underwater
explorers|

* Caves
* Graham Balcombe
* Sheck Exley
* Martyn Farr
* Jochen Hasenmayer
* Jill Heinerth
* Jarrod Jablonski
* William Hogarth Main
* Tom Mount
* Jack Sheppard
* Bill Stone
* Reefs
*   * Wrecks
* Leigh Bishop
* John Chatterton
* Clive Cussler
* Bill Nagle
* Aristotelis Zervoudis

Aquanauts|

* Andrew Abercromby
* Joseph M. Acaba
* Clayton Anderson
* Richard R. Arnold
* Serena Auñón-Chancellor
* Michael Barratt (astronaut)
* Robert L. Behnken
* Randolph Bresnik
* Timothy J. Broderick
* Justin Brown
* Berry L. Cannon
* Scott Carpenter
* Gregory Chamitoff
* Steve Chappell
* Catherine Coleman
* Robin Cook
* Craig B. Cooper
* Fabien Cousteau
* Philippe Cousteau
* Timothy Creamer
* Jonathan Dory
* Pedro Duque
* Sylvia Earle
* Jeanette Epps
* Sheck Exley
* Albert Falco
* Andrew J. Feustel
* Michael Fincke
* Satoshi Furukawa
* Ronald J. Garan Jr.
* Michael L. Gernhardt
* Christopher E. Gerty
* David Gruber
* Chris Hadfield
* Jeremy Hansen
* José M. Hernández
* John Herrington
* Paul Hill
* Akihiko Hoshide
* Mark Hulsbeck
* Emma Hwang
* Norishige Kanai
* Les Kaufman
* Scott Kelly
* Karen Kohanowich
* Timothy Kopra
* Dominic Landucci
* Jon Lindbergh
* Kjell N. Lindgren
* Michael López-Alegría
* Joseph B. MacInnis
* Sandra Magnus
* Thomas Marshburn
* Matthias Maurer
* K. Megan McArthur
* Craig McKinley
* Jessica Meir
* Simone Melchior
* Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
* Andreas Mogensen
* Karen Nyberg
* John D. Olivas
* Takuya Onishi
* Luca Parmitano
* Nicholas Patrick
* Tim Peake
* Thomas Pesquet
* Marc Reagan
* Garrett Reisman
* Kathleen Rubins
* Dick Rutkowski
* Tara Ruttley
* David Saint-Jacques
* Josef Schmid
* Robert Sheats
* Dewey Smith
* Steve Squyres
* Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
* Robert Sténuit
* Hervé Stevenin
* Nicole Stott
* James Talacek
* Daniel M. Tani
* Robert Thirsk
* Bill Todd
* Mark T. Vande Hei
* Koichi Wakata
* Rex J. Walheim
* Shannon Walker
* John Morgan Wells
* Joachim Wendler
* Douglas H. Wheelock
* Peggy Whitson
* Dafydd Williams
* Jeffrey Williams
* Sunita Williams
* Gregory R. Wiseman
* Kimiya Yui

Writers and journalists|

* Michael C. Barnette
* Victor Berge
* Philippe Diolé
* Gary Gentile
* Bret Gilliam
* Bob Halstead
* Trevor Jackson
* Steve Lewis
* John Mattera

Rescuers|

* Craig Challen
* Richard Harris
* Rick Stanton
* John Volanthen

Frogmen|

* Lionel Crabb

Commercial salvors|

* Keith Jessop

Science of underwater diving

| Diving
physics|

* Breathing performance of regulators
* Buoyancy
* Archimedes' principle
* Neutral buoyancy
* Concentration
* Diffusion
* Molecular diffusion
* Force
* Oxygen fraction
* Permeation
* Psychrometric constant
* Solubility
* Henry's law
* Saturation
* Solution
* Supersaturation
* Surface tension
* Hydrophobe
* Surfactant
* Temperature
* Torricellian chamber
* Underwater acoustics
* Modulated ultrasound
* Underwater vision
* Snell's law
* Underwater computer vision
* Weight
* Apparent weight

| Gas laws|

* Amontons's law
* Boyle's law
* Charles's law
* Combined gas law
* Dalton's law
* Gay-Lussac's law
* Ideal gas law

|

Pressure|

* Absolute pressure
* Ambient pressure
* Atmospheric pressure
* Gauge pressure
* Hydrostatic pressure
* Metre sea water
* Partial pressure

Diving
physiology|

* Artificial gills
* Cold shock response
* Diving reflex
* Equivalent narcotic depth
* Lipid
* Maximum operating depth
* Metabolism
* Physiological response to water immersion
* Tissue
* Underwater vision

| Circulatory
system|

* Blood shift
* Patent foramen ovale
* Perfusion
* Pulmonary circulation
* Systemic circulation

|

Decompression
theory|

* Decompression models:
* Bühlmann decompression algorithm
* Haldane's decompression model
* Reduced gradient bubble model
* Thalmann algorithm
* Thermodynamic model of decompression
* Varying Permeability Model
* Equivalent air depth
* Equivalent narcotic depth
* Oxygen window in diving decompression
* Physiology of decompression

Respiration|

* Blood–air barrier
* Breathing
* CO₂ retention
* Dead space
* Gas exchange
* Hypocapnia
* Respiratory exchange ratio
* Respiratory quotient
* Respiratory system
* Work of breathing

Diving
environment|

| Classification|

* List of diving environments by type
* Altitude diving
* Benign water diving
* Confined water diving
* Deep diving
* Inland diving
* Inshore diving
* Muck diving
* Night diving
* Open-water diving
* Black-water diving
* Blue-water diving
* Penetration diving
* Cave diving
* Ice diving
* Wreck diving
* Recreational dive sites
* Underwater environment

|

Impact|

* Environmental impact of recreational diving
* Low impact diving

Environmental
factors|

* Algal bloom
* Currents:
* Current
* Longshore drift
* Ocean current
* Rip current
* Tidal race
* Undertow
* Upwelling
* Ekman transport
* Halocline
* Reef
* Coral reef
* Stratification
* Thermocline
* Tides
* Turbidity
* Wind wave
* Breaking wave
* Surf
* Surge
* Wave shoaling

Other

* Bathysphere
* Defense against swimmer incursions
* Diver detection sonar
* Offshore survey
* Underwater domain awareness

| Awards and events|

* Hans Hass Award
* International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame
* London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures
* NOGI Awards

|

Deep-submergence
vehicle|

* Aluminaut
* DSV Alvin
* American submarine NR-1
* Bathyscaphe
* Archimède
* FNRS-2
* FNRS-3
* FNRS-4
* Harmony class bathyscaphe
* Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe
* Trieste II
* Deepsea Challenger
* Ictineu 3
* JAGO
* Jiaolong
* Konsul-class submersible
* DSV Limiting Factor
* Russian submarine Losharik
* Mir
* Nautile
* Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
* DSV Sea Cliff
* DSV Shinkai
* DSV Shinkai 2000
* DSV Shinkai 6500
* DSV Turtle
* DSV-5 Nemo

| Deep-submergence
rescue vehicle|

* LR5
* LR7
* MSM-1
* Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle
* DSRV-1 Mystic
* DSRV-2 Avalon
* NATO Submarine Rescue System
* Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle
* Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28
* Russian submarine AS-34
* ASRV Remora
* SRV-300
* Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System
* Type 7103 DSRV
* URF (Swedish Navy)

|

Special
interest
groups|

* Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia
* CMAS Europe
* Coral Reef Alliance
* Diving Equipment and Marketing Association
* Divers Alert Network
* Green Fins
* Historical Diving Society
* Karst Underwater Research
* Nautical Archaeology Program
* Nautical Archaeology Society
* Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club
* Project AWARE
* Reef Check
* Reef Life Survey
* Rubicon Foundation
* Save Ontario Shipwrecks
* SeaKeys
* Sea Research Society
* Society for Underwater Historical Research
* Society for Underwater Technology
* Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

Submarine escape
and rescue|

* Escape trunk
* International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office
* McCann Rescue Chamber
* Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)
* Submarine escape training facility
* Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)
* Submarine rescue ship

Neutral buoyancy
facilities for
Astronaut training|

* Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
* Neutral buoyancy pool
* Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid
* Neutral Buoyancy Simulator
* Space Systems Laboratory
* Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center

Other|

* Nautilus Productions

* Category
* Commons
*   * Glossary
* Indexes: dive sites
* divers
* diving
*   * Outline
* Portal

== External links ==

Identifiers:|

* ATC code:

* V03AN01 (WHO)

* CAS Number: 7782-44-7
* ChemSpider:

* none

* UNII:

* S88TT14065

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template