WikiDoc Resources for Haldane effect Articles Most recent articles on Haldane effect Most cited articles on Haldane effect Review articles on Haldane effect Articles on Haldane effect in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ Media Powerpoint slides on Haldane effect Images of Haldane effect Photos of Haldane effect Podcasts & MP3s on Haldane effect Videos on Haldane effect Evidence Based Medicine Cochrane Collaboration on Haldane effect Bandolier on Haldane effect TRIP on Haldane effect Clinical Trials Ongoing Trials on Haldane effect at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Haldane effect Clinical Trials on Haldane effect at Google Guidelines / Policies / Govt US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Haldane effect NICE Guidance on Haldane effect NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Haldane effect CDC on Haldane effect Books Books on Haldane effect News Haldane effect in the news Be alerted to news on Haldane effect News trends on Haldane effect Commentary Blogs on Haldane effect Definitions Definitions of Haldane effect Patient Resources / Community Patient resources on Haldane effect Discussion groups on Haldane effect Patient Handouts on Haldane effect Directions to Hospitals Treating Haldane effect Risk calculators and risk factors for Haldane effect Healthcare Provider Resources Symptoms of Haldane effect Causes & Risk Factors for Haldane effect Diagnostic studies for Haldane effect Treatment of Haldane effect Continuing Medical Education (CME) CME Programs on Haldane effect International Haldane effect en Espanol Haldane effect en Francais Business Haldane effect in the Marketplace Patents on Haldane effect Experimental / Informatics List of terms related to Haldane effect Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by the British physician John Scott Haldane. Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon dioxide. This is a consequence of the fact that reduced (deoxygenated) hemoglobin is a better proton acceptor than the oxygenated form. In red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, which rapidly dissociates to bicarbonate and a free proton: CO2 \+ H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ \+ HCO3- By Le Chatelier's principle, anything that stabilizes the proton produced will cause the reaction to shift to the right, thus the enhanced affinity of deoxyhemoglobin for protons enhances synthesis of bicarbonate and accordingly increases capacity of deoxygenated blood for carbon dioxide. The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Only a very small amount is actually dissolved as carbon dioxide, and the remaining amount of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin. In addition to enhancing removal of carbon dioxide from oxygen-consuming tissues, the Haldane effect promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin in the presence of oxygen. In the oxygen-rich capillaries of the lung, this property causes the displacement of carbon dioxide to plasma as venous blood enters the alveolus and is vital for alveolar gas exchange. The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: H+ \+ HbO2 <-> H+.Hb + O2 ## Clinical significance[edit | edit source] In patients with lung disease, lungs may not be able to increase alveolar ventilation in the face of increased amounts of dissolved CO2. This partially explains the observation that some patients with emphysema might have an increase in PaCO2 (arterial dissolved carbon dioxide) following administration of supplemental oxygen. ## See also[edit | edit source] * Bohr effect ## External links[edit | edit source] * Essentials of Human Physiology by Thomas M. Nosek. Section 4/4ch5/s4ch5_31. * Overview at umc.edu * Overview at vcu.edu * Template:EMedicineDictionary * v * t * e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology Lung volumes| VC * FRC * Vt * dead space * CC calculations: respiratory minute volume * FEV1/FVC ratio devices: spirometry * body plethysmography * peak flow meter Airways/ ventilation (V)| positive pressure ventilation * breath (inhalation, exhalation) * respiratory rate * respirometer * pulmonary surfactant * compliance * hysteresivity * airway resistance * bronchial hyperresponsiveness * bronchial challenge test * bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation Blood/ perfusion (Q)| pulmonary circulation * hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction * pulmonary shunt Interactions/ ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)| ventilation/perfusion scan * zones of the lung * gas exchange * pulmonary gas pressures * alveolar gas equation * alveolar-arterial gradient * hemoglobin * oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) * carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) * oxyhemoglobin * respiratory quotient * arterial blood gas * diffusion capacity * DLCO Control of respiration| pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) * medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) * chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) * pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) Insufficiency| high altitude * oxygen toxicity * hypoxia de:Haldane-Effekt he:אפקט הלדיין Template:WikiDoc Sources *[v]: View this template *[t]: Discuss this template *[e]: Edit this template