Short description: German developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize winner

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

Born|  (1942-10-20) 20 October 1942 (age 80)

Magdeburg, Nazi Germany

Nationality| German
Alma mater| Goethe University Frankfurt
University of Tübingen (PhD)
Scientific career
Thesis| Zur spezifischen Protein-Nukleinsäure-Wechselwirkung : die Bindung von RNS-Polymerase aus Escherichia coli an die Replikative-Form-DNS des Bakteriophagen fd und die Charakterisierung der Bindungsstellen (1974)
Doctoral advisor| Heinz Schaller[1]
Website| www.eb.tuebingen.mpg.de/research/emeriti/research-group-colour-pattern-formation.html

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in 2007

A preparation of the cuticle from a Drosophila embryo, similar to those examined by Nüsslein-Volhard. Note the bands of denticles on the left hand side (towards the head) of each segment.

Christiane (Janni) Nüsslein-Volhard (German pronunciation: [kʁɪsˈti̯anə ˈnʏslaɪ̯n ˈfɔlˌhaʁt] (listen); born 20 October 1942) is a German developmental biologist and a 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate. She is the only woman from Germany to have received a Nobel Prize in the sciences.[lower-alpha 1]

Nüsslein-Volhard earned her PhD in 1974 from the University of Tübingen, where she studied protein-DNA interaction. She won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, together with Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis, for their research on the genetic control of embryonic development.[2][3]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Career
* 2.1 Research
* 3 Personal life
* 4 Awards and honors
* 4.1 Honorary degrees
* 4.2 Memberships
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Early life and education

Nüsslein-Volhard was born in Magdeburg on 20 October 1942, the second of five children to Rolf Volhard, an architect, and Brigitte Haas Volhard, a nursery school teacher.[4] She has four siblings: three sisters and one brother. She grew up and went to school in south Frankfurt,[4] exposed to art and music and thus was "trained in looking at things and recognizing things".[5] Her great-grandfather was the chemist Jacob Volhard, her grandfather the known internist Franz Volhard. She is the aunt of the Nobel laureate in chemistry Benjamin List.[6]

After the Abitur in 1962, she briefly considered pursuing medicine, but dropped the idea after doing a month’s nursing course in a hospital. Instead she followed her genuine interest and opted to study biology at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt.[4] In 1964 Nüsslein-Volhard left Frankfurt for the University of Tübingen, to start a new course in biochemistry. She originally wanted to do behavioral biology, "but then somehow I ended up in biochemistry (...) and molecular genetics because at the time this was the most modern aspect, and I was ambitious — I wanted to go where the leaders were. The old-fashioned botanists and zoologists were such dull people— there was nothing interesting there."[5]

She received a diploma in biochemistry in 1969[4] and earned a PhD in 1974 for research into protein–DNA interactions and the binding of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli.[7][8]

## Career

In 1975 Nüsslein-Volhard became a postdoctoral researcher in Walter Gehring´s laboratory at the Biozentrum, University of Basel, a specialist in the developmental biology of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) supported by a long-term fellowship from the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). In 1977, she continued in the laboratory of Klaus Sander at University of Freiburg, who was an expert in embryonic patterning. In 1978, she set up her own lab in the newly founded European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg with Eric Wieschaus, whom she had met in Basel. Over the next three years they examined about 20,000 mutated fly families, collected about 600 mutants with an altered body pattern and found that out of the about 5,000 essential genes only 120 were essential for early development. In October 1980, they published the mere 15 genes controlling the segmented pattern of the Drosophila larva.[4]

In 1981, Nüsslein-Volhard moved to the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society in Tübingen. From 1984 until her retirement in 2014, she was the Director of the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen and also led its Genetics Department. After 1984 she launched work on the developmental biology of vertebrates, using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as her research model.[4]

In 2001, she became a member of the Nationaler Ethikrat (National Ethics Council of Germany) for the ethical assessment of new developments in the life sciences and their influence on the individual and society. Her primer for the lay-reader, Coming to Life: How Genes Drive Development, was published in April 2006.

In 2004, she started the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation (Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Stiftung) which aids promising young female German scientists with children. The foundation's main focus is to facilitate childcare as a supplement to existing stipends and day care.[3]

### Research

During the late 1970s and early 1980s little was known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms by which multicellular organisms develop from single cells to morphologically complex forms during embryogenesis. Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus identified genes involved in embryonic development by a series of genetic screens, generating random mutations in fruit flies using ethyl methanesulfonate. Some of these mutations affected genes involved in the development of the embryo. They took advantage of the segmented form of Drosophila larvae to address the logic of the genes controlling development. In normal unmutated Drosophila, each segment produces bristles called denticles in a band arranged on the side of the segment closer to the head (the anterior). They looked at the pattern of segments and denticles in each mutant under the microscope, and were therefore able to work out that particular genes were involved in different processes during development based on their differing mutant phenotypes (such as fewer segments, gaps in the normal segment pattern, and alterations in the patterns of denticles on the segments).[9] Many of these genes were given descriptive names based on the appearance of the mutant larvae, such as hedgehog, gurken (German: "cucumbers"), and Krüppel ( "cripple"). Later, researchers identified exactly which gene had been affected by each mutation, thereby identifying a set of genes crucial for Drosophila embryogenesis. The subsequent study of these mutants and their interactions led to important new insights into early Drosophila development, especially the mechanisms that underlie the step-wise development of body segments.

These experiments are not only distinguished by their sheer scale (with the methods available at the time, they involved an enormous workload), but more importantly by their significance for organisms other than fruit flies. It was later found that many of the genes identified had homologues in other species. In particular, the homeobox genes (coding for transcription factors critically involved in early body development) are found in all metazoans, and usually have similar roles in body segmentation.

Her findings led to important realizations about evolution – for example, that protostomes and deuterostomes are likely to have had a relatively well-developed common ancestor with a much more complex body plan than had been conventionally thought. Additionally, they greatly increased our understanding of the regulation of transcription, as well as cell fate during development.

Nüsslein-Volhard is associated with the discovery of Toll, which led to the identification of toll-like receptors.[10]

(As of 2021), Nüsslein-Volhard has an h-index of 103 according to Scopus.[11]

## Personal life

Nüsslein-Volhard married in the mid-1960s while studying at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, but divorced soon and did not have any children.[4] She lives in Bebenhausen, Germany.[12] She has said that she loves to sing, play the flute and do chamber music.[5] She published a cookbook in 2006.[13]

## Awards and honors

* 1986: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the German Research Foundation[14]
* 1986: Franz Vogt Award of the University of Giessen
* 1991: Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research[15]
* 1991: Keith R. Porter Lecture[16]
* 1992: Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize[17]
* 1992: Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine[18]
* 1992: Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University[19]
* 1992: Otto Warburg Medal of the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology[20]
* 1992: Otto Bayer Award[21]
* 1993: Sir Hans Krebs Medal from the Federation of European Biochemical Societies[22]
* 1993: Ernst Schering Prize[23]
* 1994: Merit Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany
* 1995: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine[24]
* 1996: Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
* 1997: Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts[25]
* 2005: Grand Merit Cross with Star and Sash of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband)[26]
* 2007: German Founder Award of the Federation of German Foundations
* 2009: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art[27]
* 2013–2021: Chancellor of the order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts[25]
* 2014: Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art[28]
* 2019: Schiller Prize of the City of Marbach[29]
* The asteroid 15811 Nüsslein-Volhard is named in her honour[30]

### Honorary degrees

Nüsslein-Volhard has been awarded honorary degrees by the following Universities: Yale, Harvard, Princeton, Rockefeller, Utrecht, University College London, Oxford (June 2005), Sheffield, St Andrews (June 2011), Freiburg, Munich and Bath (July 2012).[31][32]

* 1991: Honorary doctorate from the University of Utrecht[33]
* 1991: Honorary doctorate from Princeton University[34]
* 1993: Honorary doctorate from the University of Freiburg[35]
* 1993: Honorary doctorate from Harvard University[36]
* 2001: Honorary doctorate from Rockefeller University
* 2002: Honorary doctorate from University College London
* 2005: Honorary doctorate from University of Oxford
* 2007: Honorary doctorate from Weizmann Institute of Science
* 2008: Mercator Professorship, University of Duisburg-Essen
* 2011: Honorary doctorate from the University of St Andrews
* 2012: Honorary doctorate from the University of Bath[32]

### Memberships

* 1989: Founding member of the Academia Europaea[37]
* 1989: Corresponding member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences[38]
* 1990: Corresponding member of North Rhine-Westphalia Academy for Sciences and Arts
* 1990: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS),[39][40][41] London
* 1990: Member of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington[42]
* 1991: Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina[43]
* 1992: Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[44]
* 1995: Member of the American Philosophical Society[45]
* 2001–2006: Member of the National Ethics Council of the Federal Government (German Ethics Council)
* Member of the French Academy of Sciences
* Member of the Scientific Committee of the Ingrid zu Solms Foundation
* Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization[46]

## See also

* Timeline of women in science

## Notes

1. ↑ Two German women, Herta Müller and Nelly Sachs, received the Nobel Prize in Literature

## References

1. ↑ "Christine Nüsslein-Volhard" (in de). http://flymove.uni-muenster.de/nobelausstellung/CV/CVTxt.html.
2. ↑ "Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard: "Collaborating to Find Developmental Genes"". http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/eric-wieschaus-and-christiane-nusselin-volhard.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "CNV Stiftung – Startseite". http://www.cnv-stiftung.de/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Lara Marks (February 2018). "A biography of Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard". http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/people/summary/Nusslein-Volhard.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kathy Weston (December 8, 2017). "An interview with Nobel Laureate Janni Nüsslein-Volhard". Cell Press. http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-janni-nusslein-volhard. An interview with Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, 2017
6. ↑ "Nobelpreis für Nüsslein-Volhards Neffen". Tagblatt.de. https://www.tagblatt.de/Nachrichten/Nobelpreis-fuer-Nuesslein-Volhards-Neffen-519710.html.
7. ↑ Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane (1974). Zur spezifischen Protein-Nukleinsäure-Wechselwirkung : die Bindung von RNS-Polymerase aus Escherichia coli an die Replikative-Form-DNS des Bakteriophagen fd und die Charakterisierung der Bindungsstellen (PhD thesis). University of Tübingen. OCLC 793770536.
8. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard – Nobel Lecture: The Identification of Genes Controlling Development in Flies and Fishes". http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1995/nusslein-volhard-lecture.html.
9. ↑ Nüsslein-Volhard C, Wieschaus E (October 1980). "Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila". Nature 287 (5785): 795–801. doi:10.1038/287795a0. PMID 6776413. Bibcode: 1980Natur.287..795N.
10. ↑ Hansson, G. K.; Edfeldt, K. (June 2005). "Toll To Be Paid at the Gateway to the Vessel Wall". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 25 (6): 1085–1087. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000168894.43759.47. PMID 15923538.
11. ↑ "Scopus preview – Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane N. – Author details – Scopus". https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005403321. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
12. ↑ Müssigmann, Lena (19 October 2017). "Am Wochenende ist sie nicht mehr im Büro" (in de). Der Spiegel (Hamburg). http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/christiane-nuesslein-volhard-nobelpreistraegerin-wird-75-a-1173715.html.
13. ↑ Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane (2006). Mein Kochbuch: Einfaches für besondere Anlässe (Orig.Ausg., 1. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt, M. ISBN 978-3-458-06880-8. OCLC 180937358. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180937358.
14. ↑ "Liste der Leibniz-Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger 1986 – 2018". www.dfg.de. 2018. https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/gefoerderte_projekte/preistraeger/gwl-preis/leibniz_preistraeger_86_18.pdf.
15. ↑ "1991 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award". www.laskerfoundation.org. 2018. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/genetic-basis-of-early-embryonic-development/.
16. ↑ "Keith R. Porter Lecture Award". www.ascb.org. 2018. https://www.ascb.org/keith-r-porter-lecture-award/.
17. ↑ "Laureates General Motors Cancer Research Awards PDF". Cancer Research 59 (7_Supplement): 1673s. 2018. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/59/7_Supplement/1673s.full.pdf. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `auto`
19. ↑ "Horwitz Prize Awardees". www.cuimc.columbia.edu. 2018. https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/research/louisa-gross-horwitz-prize/horwitz-prize-awardees.
20. ↑ "Previous award winners". www.otto-warburg-medaille.org. 2018. http://www.otto-warburg-medaille.org/index.php/previous-award-winners.html.
21. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Curriculum Vitae". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/nusslein-volhard/cv/.
22. ↑ "FORTY YEARS OF FEBS – A memoir". 2018. https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17090/1/FEBS_Memoir_2004-3.pdf.
23. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard: Ernst Schering Prize 1993". scheringstiftung.de. 2018. https://scheringstiftung.de/en/programm/lebenswissenschaften/preise/ernst-schering-preis/ernst-schering-preis-1993/.
24. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". www.nobelprize.org. 2018. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/summary/.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Pour le Mérite: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard". www.orden-pourlemerite.de. 2018. http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/sites/default/files/vita/nuesslein-volhard-vita.pdf.
26. ↑ "Who's Who: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard". www.whoswho.de. 2018. http://www.whoswho.de/bio/christiane-nuesslein-volhard.html.
27. ↑ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (in de). p. 1918. http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf.
28. ↑ "Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard" (in de). tuebingen.mpg.de. Tübingen: Max Planck Institut. 26 November 2014. https://tuebingen.mpg.de/detail/bayerischer-maximiliansorden-fuer-christiane-nuesslein-volhard/.
29. ↑ "Der Schillerpreis der Stadt Marbach am Neckar 2019 wird Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard verliehen" (in de). 8 April 2019. https://tue.mpg.de/detail/der-schillerpreis-der-stadt-marbach-am-neckar-2019-wird-christiane-nuesslein-volhard-verliehen/.
30. ↑ "(15811) Nüsslein-Volhard". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 2007. p. 828. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_9194. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7.
31. ↑ "Prof. Dr. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Curriculum Vitae". Munich: Max Planck Society. 2019. https://www.mpg.de/459869/.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "University of Bath confers honorary doctorate to Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard". Tübingen: Max Planck Institut Tübingen. 2019. https://tuebingen.mpg.de/en/detail/university-of-bath-confers-honorary-doctorate-to-christiane-nuesslein-volhard/.
33. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Curriculum Vitae". nobelprize.org. Stockholm: Nobel Media AB. 2019. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/nusslein-volhard/cv/.
34. ↑ "Honorary Degree Recipients, 1748–2001". rbsc.princeton.edu/. 2018. http://rbsc.princeton.edu/mudd-dbs/honoraries?qname=honorary&LNAME=&FNAME=&YEAR=1991.
35. ↑ "Fakultät für Biologie". www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de. 2018. https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/bestaende/provenienzgerechte-bestaende/fakultaeten/b0085.
36. ↑ "Honorary Degrees". www.harvard.edu. 2018. https://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/honorary-degrees.
37. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Academia Europaea membership page". www.ae-info.org. 2018. https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Nüsslein-Volhard_Christiane.
38. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard HAS membership page". www.haw.uni-heidelberg.de. 2018. https://www.haw.uni-heidelberg.de/akademie/mitglied.de.html?id=150-7.
39. ↑ "Dr Christiane Nusslein-Volhard ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. https://royalsociety.org/people/christiane-nusslein-volhard-12013/.
40. ↑ "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/.
41. ↑ "Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015". Royal Society. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml.
42. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard NAS membership page". www.nasonline.org. 2018. http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/1332.html.
43. ↑ "Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Leopoldina membership page". www.leopoldina.org. 2018. https://www.leopoldina.org/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/460/.
44. ↑ "Christiane Nusslein-Volhard" (in en). https://www.amacad.org/person/christiane-nusslein-volhard.
45. ↑ "APS Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Nüsslein-Volhard&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced.
46. ↑ "EMBO Members: Nobel Laureates". www.embo.org. 2018. http://www.embo.org/members/nobel-laureates.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard.

|

* Literature by and about Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in the German National Library catalogue
* Miss nobel-id as parameter  including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 1995 The Identification of Genes Controlling Development in Flies and Fishes

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

1901–1925|

* 1901: Emil Behring
* 1902: Ronald Ross
* 1903: Niels Finsen
* 1904: Ivan Pavlov
* 1905: Robert Koch
* 1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
* 1907: Alphonse Laveran
* 1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
* 1909: Emil Kocher
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel
* 1911: Allvar Gullstrand
* 1912: Alexis Carrel
* 1913: Charles Richet
* 1914: Róbert Bárány
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917
* 1918
* 1919: Jules Bordet
* 1920: August Krogh
* 1921
* 1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof
* 1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod
* 1924: Willem Einthoven
* 1925

1926–1950|

* 1926: Johannes Fibiger
* 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
* 1928: Charles Nicolle
* 1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
* 1930: Karl Landsteiner
* 1931: Otto Warburg
* 1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
* 1933: Thomas Morgan
* 1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
* 1935: Hans Spemann
* 1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
* 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi
* 1938: Corneille Heymans
* 1939: Gerhard Domagk
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
* 1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
* 1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
* 1946: Hermann Muller
* 1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
* 1948: Paul Müller
* 1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
* 1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench

1951–1975|

* 1951: Max Theiler
* 1952: Selman Waksman
* 1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
* 1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
* 1955: Hugo Theorell
* 1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
* 1957: Daniel Bovet
* 1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
* 1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
* 1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
* 1961: Georg von Békésy
* 1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
* 1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
* 1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
* 1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
* 1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
* 1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
* 1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
* 1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
* 1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
* 1971: Earl Sutherland Jr.
* 1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
* 1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
* 1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
* 1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin

1976–2000|

* 1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
* 1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
* 1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
* 1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield
* 1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
* 1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
* 1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane
* 1983: Barbara McClintock
* 1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
* 1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
* 1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
* 1987: Susumu Tonegawa
* 1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
* 1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
* 1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
* 1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
* 1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
* 1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
* 1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
* 1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
* 1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
* 1997: Stanley B. Prusiner
* 1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
* 1999: Günter Blobel
* 2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel

2001–present|

* 2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
* 2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
* 2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
* 2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
* 2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
* 2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
* 2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
* 2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
* 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
* 2010: Robert G. Edwards
* 2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously)
* 2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
* 2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
* 2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
* 2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou
* 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi
* 2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young
* 2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo
* 2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr.

* v
* t
* e

1995 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Paul J. Crutzen (Netherlands)
* Mario J. Molina (Mexico)
* F. Sherwood Rowland (United States)

Literature|

Seamus Heaney (Ireland)

Peace|

* Joseph Rotblat (United Kingdom/Poland)
* Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (Canada)

Physics|

* Martin Lewis Perl (United States)
* Frederick Reines (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Edward B. Lewis (United States)
* Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany)
* Eric F. Wieschaus (United States)

Economic Sciences|

Robert Lucas Jr. (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1990

2000

* v
* t
* e

The development of phenotype

Key concepts|

* Genotype–phenotype distinction
* Norms of reaction
* Gene–environment interaction
* Gene–environment correlation
* Operon
* Heritability
* Quantitative genetics
* Heterochrony
* Neoteny
* Heterotopy

Genetic architecture|

* Canalisation
* Genetic assimilation
* Dominance
* Epistasis
* Fitness landscape/evolutionary landscape
* Pleiotropy
* Plasticity
* Polygenic inheritance
* Transgressive segregation
* Sequence space

Non-genetic influences|

* Epigenetics
* Maternal effect
* Genomic imprinting
* Dual inheritance theory
* Polyphenism

Developmental architecture|

* Developmental biology
* Morphogenesis
* Eyespot
* Pattern formation
* Segmentation
* Metamerism
* Modularity

Evolution of genetic systems|

* Evolvability
* Mutational robustness
* Neutral networks
* Evolution of sexual reproduction

Control of development|

| Systems|

* Regulation of gene expression
* Gene regulatory network
* Developmental-genetic toolkit
* Evolutionary developmental biology
* Homeobox
* Hedgehog signaling pathway
* Notch signaling pathway

|

Elements|

* Homeotic gene
* Hox gene
* Pax genes
* eyeless gene
* Distal-less
* Engrailed
* cis-regulatory element
* Ligand
* Morphogen
* Cell surface receptor
* Transcription factor

Influential figures|

* C. H. Waddington
* Richard Lewontin
* François Jacob \+ Jacques Monod
* Lac operon
* Eric F. Wieschaus
* Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
* William McGinnis
* Mike Levine
* Sean B. Carroll
* Endless Forms Most Beautiful

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* Nature versus nurture
* Morphogenetic field

Index of evolutionary biology articles

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