Short description: Two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1

A map of Europe, with ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes in place of the full names of countries and other territories. 'Exceptional reservations' codes EU and UK are not shown.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard[1] published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They are also used as country identifiers extending the postal code when appropriate within the international postal system for paper mail, and has replaced the previous one consisting one-letter codes. They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.

## Contents

* 1 Uses and applications
* 1.1 Perfect implementations
* 1.2 Imperfect implementations
* 2 Current codes
* 2.1 Decoding table
* 2.2 Officially assigned code elements
* 2.3 User-assigned code elements
* 2.4 Reserved code elements
* 2.4.1 Exceptional reservations
* 2.4.2 Transitional reservations
* 2.4.3 Indeterminate reservations
* 2.4.4 Codes currently agreed not to use
* 3 Deleted codes
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Sources and external links

## Uses and applications

The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards. In some cases they are not perfectly implemented.

### Perfect implementations

The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in the following standards:

Short name  | Long name  | Comment

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ISO 3166-2 | Country subdivision code[1] |
ISO 3901 | International Standard Recording Code (ISRC)[2] |
ISO 4217 | Currency code[3] |
ISO 6166 | International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN)[4] |
ISO 9362 | Bank Identifier Codes (BIC)  | Also known as SWIFT codes[5]
ISO 13616 | International Bank Account Number (IBAN)[6] |
ISO 15511 | International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations (ISIL)  |
UN/LOCODE  | United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations  | Implemented by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe[7]

### Imperfect implementations

Starting in 1985, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes have been used in the Domain Name System as country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority currently assigns the ccTLDs mostly following the alpha-2 codes, but with a few exceptions.[8] For example, the United Kingdom , whose alpha-2 code is GB, uses .uk instead of .gb as its ccTLD, as UK is currently exceptionally reserved in ISO 3166-1 on the request of the United Kingdom.

The WIPO coding standard ST.3 is based on ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, but includes a number of additional codes for international intellectual property organizations, which are currently reserved and not used at the present stage in ISO 3166-1.[9]

The European Commission generally uses ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes with two exceptions: EL (not GR) is used to represent Greece, and UK (not GB) is used to represent the United Kingdom .[10] This notwithstanding, the Official Journal of the European Communities specified that GR and GB be used to represent Greece and United Kingdom respectively.[11] For VAT administration purposes, the European Commission uses EL and GB for Greece and the United Kingdom respectively.

The United Nations uses a combination of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes, along with codes that pre-date the creation of ISO 3166, for international vehicle registration codes, which are codes used to identify the issuing country of a vehicle registration plate; some of these codes are currently indeterminately reserved in ISO 3166-1.[12]

IETF language tags (conforming to the BCP 47 standard track and maintained in an IANA registry) are also partially derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes (for the region subtags). The full list of ISO 3166-1 codes assigned to countries and territories are usable as region subtags. Also, the "exceptionally reserved" alpha-2 codes defined in ISO 3166-1 (with the exception of UK) are also usable as region subtags for language tags. However, newer stability policies (agreed with ISO) have been implemented to avoid deleting subtags that have been withdrawn in ISO 3166-1; instead they are kept and aliased to the new preferred subtags, or kept as subtags grouping several countries. Some other region grouping subtags are derived from other standards. Under the newer stability policies, old assigned codes that have been withdrawn from ISO 3166-1 should no longer be reassigned to another country or territory (as has occurred in the past for "CS").

## Current codes

### Decoding table

The following is a colour-coded decoding table of all ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes.[13]

Decoding table of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes  AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AQ | AR | AS | AT | AU | AV | AW | AX | AY | AZ

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BA | BB | BC | BD | BE | BF | BG | BH | BI | BJ | BK | BL | BM | BN | BO | BP | BQ | BR | BS | BT | BU | BV | BW | BX | BY | BZ
CA | CB | CC | CD | CE | CF | CG | CH | CI | CJ | CK | CL | CM | CN | CO | CP | CQ | CR | CS | CT | CU | CV | CW | CX | CY | CZ
DA | DB | DC | DD | DE | DF | DG | DH | DI | DJ | DK | DL | DM | DN | DO | DP | DQ | DR | DS | DT | DU | DV | DW | DX | DY | DZ
EA | EB | EC | ED | EE | EF | EG | EH | EI | EJ | EK | EL | EM | EN | EO | EP | EQ | ER | ES | ET | EU | EV | EW | EX | EY | EZ
FA | FB | FC | FD | FE | FF | FG | FH | FI | FJ | FK | FL | FM | FN | FO | FP | FQ | FR | FS | FT | FU | FV | FW | FX | FY | FZ
GA | GB | GC | GD | GE | GF | GG | GH | GI | GJ | GK | GL | GM | GN | GO | GP | GQ | GR | GS | GT | GU | GV | GW | GX | GY | GZ
HA | HB | HC | HD | HE | HF | HG | HH | HI | HJ | HK | HL | HM | HN | HO | HP | HQ | HR | HS | HT | HU | HV | HW | HX | HY | HZ
IA | IB | IC | ID | IE | IF | IG | IH | II | IJ | IK | IL | IM | IN | IO | IP | IQ | IR | IS | IT | IU | IV | IW | IX | IY | IZ
JA | JB | JC | JD | JE | JF | JG | JH | JI | JJ | JK | JL | JM | JN | JO | JP | JQ | JR | JS | JT | JU | JV | JW | JX | JY | JZ
KA | KB | KC | KD | KE | KF | KG | KH | KI | KJ | KK | KL | KM | KN | KO | KP | KQ | KR | KS | KT | KU | KV | KW | KX | KY | KZ
LA | LB | LC | LD | LE | LF | LG | LH | LI | LJ | LK | LL | LM | LN | LO | LP | LQ | LR | LS | LT | LU | LV | LW | LX | LY | LZ
MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MM | MN | MO | MP | MQ | MR | MS | MT | MU | MV | MW | MX | MY | MZ
NA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NN | NO | NP | NQ | NR | NS | NT | NU | NV | NW | NX | NY | NZ
OA | OB | OC | OD | OE | OF | OG | OH | OI | OJ | OK | OL | OM | ON | OO | OP | OQ | OR | OS | OT | OU | OV | OW | OX | OY | OZ
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PP | PQ | PR | PS | PT | PU | PV | PW | PX | PY | PZ
QA | QB | QC | QD | QE | QF | QG | QH | QI | QJ | QK | QL | QM | QN | QO | QP | QQ | QR | QS | QT | QU | QV | QW | QX | QY | QZ
RA | RB | RC | RD | RE | RF | RG | RH | RI | RJ | RK | RL | RM | RN | RO | RP | RQ | RR | RS | RT | RU | RV | RW | RX | RY | RZ
SA | SB | SC | SD | SE | SF | SG | SH | SI | SJ | SK | SL | SM | SN | SO | SP | SQ | SR | SS | ST | SU | SV | SW | SX | SY | SZ
TA | TB | TC | TD | TE | TF | TG | TH | TI | TJ | TK | TL | TM | TN | TO | TP | TQ | TR | TS | TT | TU | TV | TW | TX | TY | TZ
UA | UB | UC | UD | UE | UF | UG | UH | UI | UJ | UK | UL | UM | UN | UO | UP | UQ | UR | US | UT | UU | UV | UW | UX | UY | UZ
VA | VB | VC | VD | VE | VF | VG | VH | VI | VJ | VK | VL | VM | VN | VO | VP | VQ | VR | VS | VT | VU | VV | VW | VX | VY | VZ
WA | WB | WC | WD | WE | WF | WG | WH | WI | WJ | WK | WL | WM | WN | WO | WP | WQ | WR | WS | WT | WU | WV | WW | WX | WY | WZ
XA | XB | XC | XD | XE | XF | XG | XH | XI | XJ | XK | XL | XM | XN | XO | XP | XQ | XR | XS | XT | XU | XV | XW | XX | XY | XZ
YA | YB | YC | YD | YE | YF | YG | YH | YI | YJ | YK | YL | YM | YN | YO | YP | YQ | YR | YS | YT | YU | YV | YW | YX | YY | YZ
ZA | ZB | ZC | ZD | ZE | ZF | ZG | ZH | ZI | ZJ | ZK | ZL | ZM | ZN | ZO | ZP | ZQ | ZR | ZS | ZT | ZU | ZV | ZW | ZX | ZY | ZZ
Colour legend
242 /676 | Officially assigned: assigned to a country, territory, or area of geographical interest
7 /676 | Officially assigned: formerly assigned to a different entity, then deleted and later reassigned to a country, territory...
43 /676 | User-assigned: free for assignment at the disposal of users
13 /676 | Exceptionally reserved: reserved on request for restricted use
30 /676 | Indeterminately reserved: used in coding systems associated with ISO 3166-1
7 /676 | Transitionally reserved: deleted from ISO 3166-1 but reserved transitionally
14 /676 | Deleted: deleted and free for reassignment
320 /676 | Unassigned: free for assignment by the ISO 3166/MA only

### Officially assigned code elements

The following is a complete list of the 249 current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, with the following columns:[1]

* Code: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code
* Country name: English short name officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA)
* Year: Year when alpha-2 code was first officially assigned (1974, first edition of ISO 3166)
* ccTLD: Corresponding country code top-level domain (note that some are inactive); exceptions where another ccTLD is assigned for the country are shown in parentheses
* ISO 3166-2: Corresponding ISO 3166-2 codes
* Notes: Any unofficial notes

Code  | Country name (using title case)  | Year  | ccTLD  | ISO 3166-2 | Notes

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AD | Andorra | 1974 | .ad | AD |
AE | United Arab Emirates | 1974 | .ae | AE |
AF | Afghanistan | 1974 | .af | AF |
AG | Antigua and Barbuda | 1974 | .ag | AG |
AI | Anguilla | 1985 | .ai | AI | AI previously represented French Afars and Issas
AL | Albania | 1974 | .al | AL |
AM | Armenia | 1992 | .am | AM |
AO | Angola | 1974 | .ao | AO |
AQ | Antarctica | 1974 | .aq | AQ | Covers the territories south of 60° south latitude
Code taken from name in French: Antarctique
AR | Argentina | 1974 | .ar | AR |
AS | American Samoa | 1974 | .as | AS |
AT | Austria | 1974 | .at | AT |
AU | Australia | 1974 | .au | AU | Includes the Ashmore and Cartier Islands and the Coral Sea Islands
AW | Aruba | 1986 | .aw | AW |
AX | Aland Islands Åland Islands  | 2004 | .ax | AX | An autonomous province of Finland
AZ | Azerbaijan | 1992 | .az | AZ |
BA | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992 | .ba | BA |
BB | Barbados | 1974 | .bb | BB |
BD | Bangladesh | 1974 | .bd | BD |
BE | Belgium | 1974 | .be | BE |
BF | Burkina Faso | 1984 | .bf | BF | Name changed from Upper Volta (HV)
BG | Bulgaria | 1974 | .bg | BG |
BH | Bahrain | 1974 | .bh | BH |
BI | Burundi | 1974 | .bi | BI |
BJ | Benin | 1977 | .bj | BJ | Name changed from Dahomey (DY)
BL | Saint Barthélemy | 2007 | .bl | BL |
BM | Bermuda | 1974 | .bm | BM |
BN | Brunei Darussalam | 1974 | .bn | BN | Previous ISO country name: Brunei
BO | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 1974 | .bo | BO | Previous ISO country name: Bolivia
BQ | Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba | 2010 | .bq | BQ | Consists of three Caribbean "special municipalities", which are part of the Netherlands proper: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba (the BES Islands)
Previous ISO country name: Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba
BQ previously represented British Antarctic Territory
BR | Brazil | 1974 | .br | BR |
BS | Bahamas | 1974 | .bs | BS |
BT | Bhutan | 1974 | .bt | BT |
BV | Bouvet Island | 1974 | .bv | BV | Belongs to Norway
BW | Botswana | 1974 | .bw | BW |
BY | Belarus | 1974 | .by | BY | Code taken from previous ISO country name: Byelorussian SSR (now assigned ISO 3166-3 code BYAA)
Code assigned as the country was already a UN member since 1945[14]
BZ | Belize | 1974 | .bz | BZ |
CA | Canada | 1974 | .ca | CA |
CC | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 1974 | .cc | CC |
CD | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 1997 | .cd | CD | Name changed from Zaire (ZR)
CF | Central African Republic | 1974 | .cf | CF |
CG | Congo | 1974 | .cg | CG |
CH | Switzerland | 1974 | .ch | CH | Code taken from name in Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica
CI | Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire  | 1974 | .ci | CI | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name and previous ISO country name: Ivory Coast)
CK | Cook Islands | 1974 | .ck | CK |
CL | Chile | 1974 | .cl | CL |
CM | Cameroon | 1974 | .cm | CM | Previous ISO country name: Cameroon, United Republic of
CN | China | 1974 | .cn | CN |
CO | Colombia | 1974 | .co | CO |
CR | Costa Rica | 1974 | .cr | CR |
CU | Cuba | 1974 | .cu | CU |
CV | Cabo Verde | 1974 | .cv | CV | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name and previous ISO country name: Cape Verde, another previous ISO country name: Cape Verde Islands)
CW | Curaçao | 2010 | .cw | CW |
CX | Christmas Island | 1974 | .cx | CX |
CY | Cyprus | 1974 | .cy | CY |
CZ | Czech Republic | 1993 | .cz | CZ | Previous ISO country name: Czech Republic
DE | Germany | 1974 | .de | DE | Code taken from name in German: Deutschland
Code used for West Germany before 1990 (previous ISO country name: Germany, Federal Republic of)
DJ | Djibouti | 1977 | .dj | DJ | Name changed from French Afars and Issas (AI)
DK | Denmark | 1974 | .dk | DK |
DM | Dominica | 1974 | .dm | DM |
DO | Dominican Republic | 1974 | .do | DO |
DZ | Algeria | 1974 | .dz | DZ | Code taken from name in Arabic الجزائر al-Djazā'ir, Algerian Arabic الدزاير al-Dzāyīr, or Berber ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ Dzayer
EC | Ecuador | 1974 | .ec | EC |
EE | Estonia | 1992 | .ee | EE | Code taken from name in Estonian: Eesti
EG | Egypt | 1974 | .eg | EG |
EH | Western Sahara | 1974 |  | EH | Previous ISO country name: Spanish Sahara (code taken from name in Spanish: Sahara español)
.eh ccTLD has not been implemented.[15]
ER | Eritrea | 1993 | .er | ER |
ES | Spain | 1974 | .es | ES | Code taken from name in Spanish: España
ET | Ethiopia | 1974 | .et | ET |
FI | Finland | 1974 | .fi | FI |
FJ | Fiji | 1974 | .fj | FJ |
FK | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | 1974 | .fk | FK | ISO country name follows UN designation due to the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute (local common name: Falkland Islands)[16]
FM | Micronesia (Federated States of) | 1986 | .fm | FM | Previous ISO country name: Micronesia
FO | Faroe Islands | 1974 | .fo | FO | Code taken from name in Faroese: Føroyar
FR | France | 1974 | .fr | FR | Includes Clipperton Island
GA | Gabon | 1974 | .ga | GA |
GB | United Kingdom | 1974 | .gb
(.uk) | GB | Code taken from Great Britain (from official name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)[17]
Previous ISO country name: United Kingdom
.uk is the primary ccTLD of the United Kingdom instead of .gb (see code UK, which is exceptionally reserved)
GD | Grenada | 1974 | .gd | GD |
GE | Georgia | 1992 | .ge | GE | GE previously represented Gilbert and Ellice Islands
GF | French Guiana | 1974 | .gf | GF | Code taken from name in French: Guyane française
GG | Guernsey | 2006 | .gg | GG | A United Kingdom Crown dependency
GH | Ghana | 1974 | .gh | GH |
GI | Gibraltar | 1974 | .gi | GI |
GL | Greenland | 1974 | .gl | GL |
GM | Gambia | 1974 | .gm | GM |
GN | Guinea | 1974 | .gn | GN |
GP | Guadeloupe | 1974 | .gp | GP |
GQ | Equatorial Guinea | 1974 | .gq | GQ | Code taken from name in French: Guinée équatoriale
GR | Greece | 1974 | .gr | GR |
GS | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 1993 | .gs | GS |
GT | Guatemala | 1974 | .gt | GT |
GU | Guam | 1974 | .gu | GU |
GW | Guinea-Bissau | 1974 | .gw | GW |
GY | Guyana | 1974 | .gy | GY |
HK | Hong Kong | 1974 | .hk | HK | Hong Kong is officially the Special Administrative Region of People's Republic of China since 01 July 1997
HM | Heard Island and McDonald Islands | 1974 | .hm | HM |
HN | Honduras | 1974 | .hn | HN |
HR | Croatia | 1992 | .hr | HR | Code taken from name in Croatian: Hrvatska
HT | Haiti | 1974 | .ht | HT |
HU | Hungary | 1974 | .hu | HU |
ID | Indonesia | 1974 | .id | ID |
IE | Ireland | 1974 | .ie | IE |
IL | Israel | 1974 | .il | IL |
IM | Isle of Man | 2006 | .im | IM | A United Kingdom Crown dependency
IN | India | 1974 | .in | IN |
IO | British Indian Ocean Territory | 1974 | .io | IO |
IQ | Iraq | 1974 | .iq | IQ |
IR | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 1974 | .ir | IR | Previous ISO country name: Iran
IS | Iceland | 1974 | .is | IS | Code taken from name in Icelandic: Ísland
IT | Italy | 1974 | .it | IT |
JE | Jersey | 2006 | .je | JE | A United Kingdom Crown dependency
JM | Jamaica | 1974 | .jm | JM |
JO | Jordan | 1974 | .jo | JO |
JP | Japan | 1974 | .jp | JP |
KE | Kenya | 1974 | .ke | KE |
KG | Kyrgyzstan | 1992 | .kg | KG |
KH | Cambodia | 1974 | .kh | KH | Code taken from former name: Khmer Republic
Previous ISO country name: Kampuchea, Democratic
KI | Kiribati | 1979 | .ki | KI | Name changed from Gilbert Islands (GE)
KM | Comoros | 1974 | .km | KM | Code taken from name in Comorian: Komori
Previous ISO country name: Comoro Islands
KN | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1974 | .kn | KN | Previous ISO country name: Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla
KP | Korea (Democratic People's Republic of) | 1974 | .kp | KP | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name: North Korea)
KR | South Korea | 1974 | .kr | KR | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name: South Korea)
KW | Kuwait | 1974 | .kw | KW |
KY | Cayman Islands | 1974 | .ky | KY |
KZ | Kazakhstan | 1992 | .kz | KZ | Previous ISO country name: Kazakstan
LA | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1974 | .la | LA | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name and previous ISO country name: Laos)
LB | Lebanon | 1974 | .lb | LB |
LC | Saint Lucia | 1974 | .lc | LC |
LI | Liechtenstein | 1974 | .li | LI |
LK | Sri Lanka | 1974 | .lk | LK |
LR | Liberia | 1974 | .lr | LR |
LS | Lesotho | 1974 | .ls | LS |
LT | Lithuania | 1992 | .lt | LT |
LU | Luxembourg | 1974 | .lu | LU |
LV | Latvia | 1992 | .lv | LV |
LY | Libya | 1974 | .ly | LY | Previous ISO country name: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
MA | Morocco | 1974 | .ma | MA | Code taken from name in French: Maroc
MC | Monaco | 1974 | .mc | MC |
MD | Moldova, Republic of | 1992 | .md | MD | Previous ISO country name: Moldova (briefly from 2008 to 2009)
ME | Montenegro | 2006 | .me | ME |
MF | Saint Martin (French part) | 2007 | .mf | MF | The Dutch part of Saint Martin island is assigned code SX
MG | Madagascar | 1974 | .mg | MG |
MH | Marshall Islands | 1986 | .mh | MH |
MK | North Macedonia | 1993 | .mk | MK | Code taken from name in Macedonian: Severna Makedonija
Previous ISO country name: Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of (designated as such due to Macedonia naming dispute)
ML | Mali | 1974 | .ml | ML |
MM | Myanmar | 1989 | .mm | MM | Name changed from Burma (BU)
MN | Mongolia | 1974 | .mn | MN |
MO | Macao | 1974 | .mo | MO | Previous ISO country name: Macau; Macao is officially the Special Administrative Region of People's Republic of China since 20 December 1999
MP | Northern Mariana Islands | 1986 | .mp | MP |
MQ | Martinique | 1974 | .mq | MQ |
MR | Mauritania | 1974 | .mr | MR |
MS | Montserrat | 1974 | .ms | MS |
MT | Malta | 1974 | .mt | MT |
MU | Mauritius | 1974 | .mu | MU |
MV | Maldives | 1974 | .mv | MV |
MW | Malawi | 1974 | .mw | MW |
MX | Mexico | 1974 | .mx | MX |
MY | Malaysia | 1974 | .my | MY |
MZ | Mozambique | 1974 | .mz | MZ |
NA | Namibia | 1974 | .na | NA |
NC | New Caledonia | 1974 | .nc | NC |
NE | Niger | 1974 | .ne | NE |
NF | Norfolk Island | 1974 | .nf | NF |
NG | Nigeria | 1974 | .ng | NG |
NI | Nicaragua | 1974 | .ni | NI |
NL | Netherlands | 1974 | .nl | NL | Officially includes the islands Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba, which also have code BQ in ISO 3166-1. Within ISO 3166-2, Aruba (AW), Curaçao (CW), and Sint Maarten (SX) are also coded as subdivisions of NL.[18]
NO | Norway | 1974 | .no | NO |
NP | Nepal | 1974 | .np | NP |
NR | Nauru | 1974 | .nr | NR |
NU | Niue | 1974 | .nu | NU | Previous ISO country name: Niue Island
NZ | New Zealand | 1974 | .nz | NZ |
OM | Oman | 1974 | .om | OM |
PA | Panama | 1974 | .pa | PA |
PE | Peru | 1974 | .pe | PE |
PF | French Polynesia | 1974 | .pf | PF | Code taken from name in French: Polynésie française
PG | Papua New Guinea | 1974 | .pg | PG |
PH | Philippines | 1974 | .ph | PH |
PK | Pakistan | 1974 | .pk | PK |
PL | Poland | 1974 | .pl | PL |
PM | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 1974 | .pm | PM |
PN | Pitcairn | 1974 | .pn | PN | Previous ISO country name: Pitcairn Islands
PR | Puerto Rico | 1974 | .pr | PR |
PS | Palestine, State of | 1999 | .ps | PS | Previous ISO country name: Palestinian Territory, Occupied
Consists of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
PT | Portugal | 1974 | .pt | PT |
PW | Palau | 1986 | .pw | PW |
PY | Paraguay | 1974 | .py | PY |
QA | Qatar | 1974 | .qa | QA |
RE | Reunion Réunion  | 1974 | .re | RE |
RO | Romania | 1974 | .ro | RO |
RS | Serbia | 2006 | .rs | RS | Republic of Serbia
RU | Russia | 1992 | .ru | RU | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name: Russia)
RW | Rwanda | 1974 | .rw | RW |
SA | Saudi Arabia | 1974 | .sa | SA |
SB | Solomon Islands | 1974 | .sb | SB | Code taken from former name: British Solomon Islands
SC | Seychelles | 1974 | .sc | SC |
SD | Sudan | 1974 | .sd | SD |
SE | Sweden | 1974 | .se | SE |
SG | Singapore | 1974 | .sg | SG |
SH | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | 1974 | .sh | SH | Previous ISO country name: Saint Helena
SI | Slovenia | 1992 | .si | SI |
SJ | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | 1974 | .sj | SJ | Previous ISO name: Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
Consists of two arctic territories of Norway: Svalbard and Jan Mayen
SK | Slovakia | 1993 | .sk | SK | SK previously represented Sikkim
SL | Sierra Leone | 1974 | .sl | SL |
SM | San Marino | 1974 | .sm | SM |
SN | Senegal | 1974 | .sn | SN |
SO | Somalia | 1974 | .so | SO |
SR | Suriname | 1974 | .sr | SR | Previous ISO country name: Surinam
SS | South Sudan | 2011 | .ss | SS |
ST | Sao Tome and Principe | 1974 | .st | ST |
SV | El Salvador | 1974 | .sv | SV |
SX | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 2010 | .sx | SX | The French part of Saint Martin island is assigned code MF
SY | Syrian Arab Republic | 1974 | .sy | SY | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name and previous ISO country name: Syria)
SZ | Eswatini | 1974 | .sz | SZ | Previous ISO country name: Swaziland
TC | Turks and Caicos Islands | 1974 | .tc | TC |
TD | Chad | 1974 | .td | TD | Code taken from name in French: Tchad
TF | French Southern Territories | 1979 | .tf | TF | Covers the French Southern and Antarctic Lands except Adélie Land
Code taken from name in French: Terres australes françaises
TG | Togo | 1974 | .tg | TG |
TH | Thailand | 1974 | .th | TH |
TJ | Tajikistan | 1992 | .tj | TJ |
TK | Tokelau | 1974 | .tk | TK | Previous ISO country name: Tokelau Islands
TL | Timor-Leste | 2002 | .tl | TL | Name changed from East Timor (TP)
TM | Turkmenistan | 1992 | .tm | TM |
TN | Tunisia | 1974 | .tn | TN |
TO | Tonga | 1974 | .to | TO |
TR | Turkey | 1974 | .tr | TR |
TT | Trinidad and Tobago | 1974 | .tt | TT |
TV | Tuvalu | 1977 | .tv | TV |
TW | Taiwan, Province of China | 1974 | .tw | TW | Covers the current jurisdiction of the Republic of China
ISO country name follows UN designation (due to political status of Taiwan within the UN)[17] (common name: Taiwan)
TZ | Tanzania, United Republic of | 1974 | .tz | TZ |
UA | Ukraine | 1974 | .ua | UA | Previous ISO country name: Ukrainian SSR
Code assigned as the country was already a UN member since 1945[14]
UG | Uganda | 1974 | .ug | UG |
UM | United States Minor Outlying Islands | 1986 |  | UM | Consists of nine minor insular areas of the United States: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island
.um ccTLD was revoked in 2007[19]
US | United States | 1974 | .us | US | Previous ISO country name: United States
UY | Uruguay | 1974 | .uy | UY |
UZ | Uzbekistan | 1992 | .uz | UZ |
VA | Holy See | 1974 | .va | VA | Covers Vatican City, territory of the Holy See
Previous ISO country names: Vatican City State (Holy See) and Holy See (Vatican City State)
VC | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1974 | .vc | VC |
VE | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 1974 | .ve | VE | Previous ISO country name: Venezuela
VG | Virgin Islands (British) | 1974 | .vg | VG |
VI | Virgin Islands (U.S.) | 1974 | .vi | VI |
VN | Viet Nam | 1974 | .vn | VN | ISO country name follows UN designation (common name: Vietnam)
Code used for Republic of Viet Nam (common name: South Vietnam) before 1977
VU | Vanuatu | 1980 | .vu | VU | Name changed from New Hebrides (NH)
WF | Wallis and Futuna | 1974 | .wf | WF | Previous ISO country name: Wallis and Futuna Islands
WS | Samoa | 1974 | .ws | WS | Code taken from former name: Western Samoa
YE | Yemen | 1974 | .ye | YE | Previous ISO country name: Yemen, Republic of (for three years after the unification)
Code used for North Yemen before 1990
YT | Mayotte | 1993 | .yt | YT |
ZA | South Africa | 1974 | .za | ZA | Code taken from name in Dutch: Zuid-Afrika
ZM | Zambia | 1974 | .zm | ZM |
ZW | Zimbabwe | 1980 | .zw | ZW | Name changed from Southern Rhodesia (RH)

### User-assigned code elements

User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories, or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use these codes in the updating process of the standard. The following alpha-2 codes can be user-assigned: AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ.[20] For example:

* The International Standard Recording Code uses QM as a second country code for the United States, as it ran out of three-character registrant codes within the US prefix. It also uses ZZ for some registrants assigned directly.[21]
* The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository assigns QO to represent Outlying Oceania (a multi-territory region containing Antarctica, Bouvet Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the French Southern Territories, and the United States Minor Outlying Islands), and ZZ to represent "Unknown or Invalid Territory". Before the adoption of the macroregion code EU by ISO, CLDR also used QU to represent the European Union.[22]
* The code QZ is being used by the World Intellectual Property Organization as an indicator for the Community Plant Variety Office.
* The code XA is being used by Switzerland ,[23] as a country code for the Canary Islands, although IC is already reserved for that purpose.
* The code XI is being used by the UK Government,[24] as an EORI number country code prefix for Northern Ireland.
* The code XK is being used by the European Commission,[25] the IMF, and SWIFT,[26] CLDR and other organizations as a temporary country code for Kosovo.[27]
* The code XN is being used by the World Intellectual Property Organization as an indicator for the Nordic Patent Institute, an international organization common to Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.[28]
* The code XU is being used by the World Intellectual Property Organization as an indicator for the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.
* The code XV is being used by the World Intellectual Property Organization as an indicator for the Visegrad Patent Institute.
* The code XX is being used by the World Intellectual Property Organization as an indicator for unknown states, other entities or organizations.
* UN/LOCODE assigns XZ to represent installations in international waters.[7]

Furthermore, the code element OO is designated as an escape code if the number of regular user-assigned code elements is not sufficient.[29]

### Reserved code elements

Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, or are required in order to enable a particular user application of the standard but do not qualify for inclusion in ISO 3166-1. To avoid transitional application problems and to aid users who require specific additional code elements for the functioning of their coding systems, the ISO 3166/MA, when justified, reserves these codes which it undertakes not to use for other than specified purposes during a limited or indeterminate period of time. The reserved alpha-2 codes can be divided into the following four categories: exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations, and codes currently agreed not to use.

#### Exceptional reservations

Exceptionally reserved code elements are codes reserved at the request of national ISO member bodies, governments and international organizations, which are required in order to support a particular application, as specified by the requesting body and limited to such use; any further use of such code elements is subject to approval by the ISO 3166/MA. The following alpha-2 codes are currently exceptionally reserved:

Code  | Area name or country name  | Current actual country  | ccTLD  | Notes

|
|
|
|

AC | Ascension Island | United Kingdom | .ac | Reserved on request of UPU for stamp issuing area
CP | Clipperton Island | France | — | Reserved on request of ITU for location of certain telecommunications installations
CQ | Island of Sark | United Kingdom | — | Reserved on request of the United Kingdom
DG | Diego Garcia | United Kingdom | — | Reserved on request of ITU for location of certain telecommunications installations
EA | Ceuta, Melilla | Spain | — | Reserved on request of WCO for area not covered by European Union Customs arrangements[30]
Part of Spanish North Africa (Spanish: África Septentrional Española)
EU | European Union | multiple | .eu | Reserved on request of ISO 4217/MA for the European monetary unit Euro
Extended for ISO 6166 "Securities - International securities identification numbering system (ISIN)" in March 1998
Extended for any application needing to represent the name European Union in August 1999
EZ | Eurozone | multiple | — | Reserved on request of ISO 6166/RA for the European OTC derivatives within International securities identification numbering system (ISIN)
FX | France, Metropolitan | France | — | Reserved on request of France
Officially assigned before deleted from ISO 3166-1 (now assigned ISO 3166-3 code FXFR)
IC | Canary Islands | Spain | — | Reserved on request of WCO for area not covered by European Union Customs arrangements.
Code taken from name in Spanish: Islas Canarias
SU | USSR | multiple | .su | From June 2008; Transitionally reserved from September 1992
Officially assigned before deleted from ISO 3166-1 (now assigned ISO 3166-3 code SUHH)
Official name and previous ISO country name:[31] Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (common name: Soviet Union)
TA | Tristan da Cunha | United Kingdom | — | Reserved on request of UPU for stamp issuing area
UK | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | .uk | Reserved on request of the United Kingdom lest UK be used for any other country
Also used by the European Commission
United Kingdom is officially assigned the alpha-2 code GB
UN | United Nations | multiple | — | Reserved directly by ISO 3166/MA for the United Nations

The following alpha-2 codes were previously exceptionally reserved, but are now officially assigned:

Code  | Area name or country name  | Notes

|
|

AX | Åland Islands | Reserved on request of Finland
GG | Guernsey | Reserved on request of UPU for stamp issuing area
IM | Isle of Man | Reserved on request of UPU for stamp issuing area
JE | Jersey | Reserved on request of UPU for stamp issuing area

#### Transitional reservations

Transitional reserved code elements are codes reserved after their deletion from ISO 3166-1. These codes may be used only during a transitional period of at least five years while new code elements that may have replaced them are taken into use. These codes may be reassigned by the ISO 3166/MA after the expiration of the transitional period. The following alpha-2 codes are currently transitionally reserved:

Code  | Formerly used country name  | Reserved from  | Reserved to  | ccTLD  | ISO 3166-2 | ISO 3166-3 | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

AN | Netherlands Antilles | 2010-12 | 2060-12 | .an .an  | AN | ANHH | Divided into BQ (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba), CW (Curaçao) and SX (Dutch part of Sint Maarten)
BU | Burma | 1989-12 | 2039-12 | — | — | BUMM | Name changed to Myanmar (MM)
CS | Originally Czechoslovakia, later Serbia and Montenegro | 2006-09 | 2056-09 | .yu (.yu)  | CS | CSHH
CSXX | Code taken from name in Serbian: Srbija i Crna Gora
Now divided into Montenegro (ME) and Serbia (RS)
CS previously represented Czechoslovakia (ccTLD .cs was never assigned to Serbia and Montenegro; .yu was the ccTLD of Serbia and Montenegro, as name was changed from Yugoslavia). Czechia uses (CZ) and Slovakia (SK)
NT | Neutral Zone | 1993-07 | 2043-07 | — | — | NTHH | Divided between Iraq (IQ) and Saudi Arabia (SA)
SF | Finland | 1995-09 | ? | — | — | — | Previously used in international postal codes and vehicle registration codes to represent Finland (code was not officially assigned)
Code taken from name in Finnish and Swedish combined: Suomi Finland
Finland is officially assigned the alpha-2 code FI
Listed as transitionally reserved until 2012-06.[32] Since then listed as indeterminately reserved.
TP | East Timor | 2002-05 | 2052-05 | .tp | ISO 3166-2:TP | TPTL | Code taken from previous ISO country name: Portuguese Timor, name changed to Timor-Leste (TL)
YU | Yugoslavia | 2003-07 | 2053-07 | .yu | ISO 3166-2:YU | YUCS | Code used for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia before 1992 and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after 1992
ZR | Zaire | 1997-07 | 2047-07 | .zr | — | ZRCD | Name changed to Congo, the Democratic Republic of the (CD)

The following alpha-2 code was previously transitionally reserved, but was later reassigned to another country as its official code:

Code  | Formerly used country name  | Date of reservation  | ccTLD  | ISO 3166-2 | ISO 3166-3 | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

CS | Czechoslovakia | 1993-06 | .cs | — | CSHH | Code reassigned to Serbia and Montenegro

For each deleted alpha-2 code, an entry for the corresponding former country name is included in ISO 3166-3. Each entry is assigned a four-letter alphabetic code, where the first two letters are the deleted alpha-2 code.

#### Indeterminate reservations

Indeterminately reserved code elements are codes used to designate road vehicles under the 1949 and 1968 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic but differing from those contained in ISO 3166-1. These code elements are expected eventually to be either eliminated or replaced by code elements within ISO 3166-1. In the meantime, the ISO 3166/MA has reserved such code elements for an indeterminate period. Any use beyond the application of the two Conventions is discouraged and will not be approved by the ISO 3166/MA. Moreover, these codes may be reassigned by the ISO 3166/MA at any time. The following alpha-2 codes are currently indeterminately reserved:

Code  | Area name or country name  | Notes

|
|

DY | Benin | [note 1]
EW | Estonia | [note 1]
FL | Liechtenstein | [note 2]
JA | Jamaica | [note 3]
LF | Libya Fezzan | [note 2]
PI | Philippines | [note 3]
RA | Argentina | [note 3]
RB | Bolivia [cf. Botswana: identical code element] | [note 2]
RB | Botswana [cf. Bolivia: identical code element] | [note 3]
RC | China | [note 3]
RH | Haiti | [note 1]
RI | Indonesia | [note 3]
RL | Lebanon | [note 3]
RM | Madagascar | [note 3]
RN | Niger | [note 4]
RP | Philippines | [note 4]
SF | Finland | [note 5]
WG | Grenada | [note 1]
WL | Saint Lucia | [note 1]
WV | Saint Vincent | [note 1]
YV | Venezuela | [note 1]

The following alpha-2 codes were previously indeterminately reserved, but have been reassigned to another country as its official code:

Code  | Area name or country name  | Notes  | Code reassigned to

|
|
|

LT | Libya Tripoli | [note 2] | Lithuania
ME | Western Sahara | [note 2] | Montenegro
RU | Burundi | [note 2] | Russia

Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Code notified to United Nations Secretary-General under 1949 and/or 1968 Road Traffic Conventions
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Code in use for road transport purposes, but not notified to United Nations Secretary-General under 1949 Road Traffic Convention
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Code under 1949 Road Traffic Convention
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Code under 1968 Road Traffic Convention
5. ↑ Presumably a reclassification of the expired transitional reservation mentioned above.

#### Codes currently agreed not to use

In addition, the ISO 3166/MA will not use the following alpha-2 codes at the present stage, as they are used for international intellectual property organizations in WIPO Standard ST.3:

Code  | Organization name

|

AP | African Regional Industrial Property Organization
BX | Benelux Trademarks and Designs Office
EF | Union of Countries under the European Community Patent Convention
EM | European Trademark Office
EP | European Patent Organization (Union of countries under the European Patent Convention)
EV | Eurasian Patent Organization
GC | Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
IB | International Bureau of WIPO
OA | African Intellectual Property Organization
WO | World Intellectual Property Organization

WIPO Standard ST.3 actually uses EA, instead of EV, to represent the Eurasian Patent Organization. However, EA was already exceptionally reserved by the ISO 3166/MA to represent Ceuta and Melilla for customs purposes. The ISO 3166/MA proposed in 1995 that EV be used by WIPO to represent the Eurasian Patent Organization; however, this request was not honoured by WIPO.

## Deleted codes

Besides the codes currently transitionally reserved and two other codes currently exceptionally reserved (FX for France, Metropolitan and SU for USSR), the following alpha-2 codes have also been deleted from ISO 3166-1:[33]

Code  | Formerly used country name  | ISO 3166-3 | Notes

|
|
|

AI | French Afars and Issas | AIDJ | Code later reassigned to Anguilla
BQ | British Antarctic Territory | BQAQ | Code later reassigned to Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
CT | Canton and Enderbury Islands | CTKI |
DD | German Democratic Republic | DDDE | Code taken from name in German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik
Common name: East Germany
DY | Dahomey | DYBJ | Name changed to Benin (BJ)
The code is now indeterminately reserved.
FQ | French Southern and Antarctic Territories | FQHH | See TF and FR-TF.
GE | Gilbert Islands (initially Gilbert and Ellice Islands) | GEHH | Code later reassigned to Georgia
HV | Upper Volta | HVBF | Code taken from name in French: Haute-Volta
JT | Johnston Island | JTUM |
MI | Midway Islands | MIUM |
NH | New Hebrides | NHVU |
NQ | Dronning Maud Land | NQAQ | Part of Norwegian Antarctic Territory
PC | Pacific Islands (Trust Territory) | PCHH |
PU | United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands | PUUM | Consisted of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Atoll
PZ | Panama Canal Zone | PZPA |
RH | Southern Rhodesia | RHZW | Name used by country itself: Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia was the colonial name)
SK | Sikkim | SKIN | Code later reassigned to Slovakia
VD | Viet-Nam, Democratic Republic of | VDVN | Common name: North Vietnam
WK | Wake Island | WKUM |
YD | Yemen, Democratic | YDYE | Common name: South Yemen

For each deleted alpha-2 code, an entry for the corresponding former country name is included in ISO 3166-3. Each entry is assigned a four-letter alphabetic code, where the first two letters are the deleted alpha-2 code.

## See also

* List of FIPS country codes in FIPS 10-4, part of the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
* The Regional Indicator Symbol in Unicode, introduced to use these codes
* ISO 639-1, a different set of two-letter codes used for languages

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Country Codes - ISO 3166". International Organization for Standardization (ISO). https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html.
2. ↑ "The International Standard Recording Code". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/isrc_handbook.html#Heading226.
3. ↑ "Currency codes - ISO 4217". ISO. https://www.iso.org/iso-4217-currency-codes.html.
4. ↑ "ISO6166 - an outline of the standard". Association of National Numbering Agencies. http://www.anna-web.com/neu/ISO_6166/iso_standard.php.
5. ↑ "About BIC". Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication. http://www.swift.com/biconline/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_aboutbic.
6. ↑ "IBAN Registry". Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication. http://www.swift.com/solutions/messaging/information_products/bic_downloads_documents/pdfs/IBAN_Registry.pdf.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "UN/LOCODE Code List by Country". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. http://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/service/location.
8. ↑ "IANA - Root Zone Database". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/.
9. ↑ "Standard ST.3 - Recommended standard on two-letter codes for the representation of states, other entities and intergovernmental organizations". Handbook on Industrial Property Information and Documentation. World Intellectual Property Organization. April 2007. pp. 3.3.1–3.3.9. http://www.wipo.int/standards/en/pdf/03-03-01.pdf.
10. ↑ "Publications Office - Interinstitutional style guide - Countries". European Union. http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370100.htm.
11. ↑ "Commission Regulation (EC) No 2645/98 of 9 December 1998 on the nomenclature of countries and territories for the external trade statistics of the Community and statistics of trade between Member States". Official Journal of the European Communities, L 335. European Union. 1998-12-10. pp. 22–29. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1998:335:0022:0029:EN:PDF.
12. ↑ "Distinguishing signs used on vehicles in international traffic". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. http://www.unece.org/trans/conventn/Distsigns.pdf.
13. ↑ "ISO 3166-1 decoding table". ISO. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Codes to history: Code for formerly used names of countries completes the trilogy of country codes". ISO Bulletin. ISO. April 2000. pp. 10–12. http://www.iso.org/iso/codes0004-2.pdf.
15. ↑ IANA .eh whois information
16. ↑ "Falkland Islands Government". http://www.falklands.gov.fk/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "ISO 3166 - FAQs - Specific". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166-faqs/iso_3166_faqs_specific.htm.
18. ↑ "NL - Netherlands (the)". https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NL.
19. ↑ Special Meeting of the Board Minutes ICANN, January 16, 2007
20. ↑ "Glossary for ISO 3166 - Codes for countries and their subdivisions". ISO. https://www.iso.org/glossary-for-iso-3166.html.
21. ↑ "International ISRC Agency Bulletin 2010/02: Country Code for ISRC in the United States". IFPI. 6 December 2010. http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/isrc_bulletin-2010-02.pdf.
22. ↑ Mark Davis. "Unicode Technical Standard #35: Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)". Unicode Consortium. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/.
23. ↑ "List of Countries for the foreign trade statistics of Switzerland 2017". ezv.admin.ch. 2017. https://www.ezv.admin.ch/dam/ezv/en/dokumente/archiv/a5/tares_bemerkungen/laenderverzeichnis.pdf.download.pdf/list_of_countries.pdf.
24. ↑ "Get an EORI number". gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/eori.
25. ↑ "Glossary:Country codes - Statistics Explained". europa.eu. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Country_codes.
26. ↑ SWIFT: IBAN Registry , Release 50, September 2014
27. ↑ "XK country code for Kosovo". GeoNames Blog. 8 March 2010. http://geonames.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/xk-country-code-for-kosovo/.
28. ↑ "Agreement between the Nordic Patent Institute and the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization". World Intellectual Property Organization. 1 May 2013. http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/pct/en/texts/agreements/ag_xn.pdf.
29. ↑ "Country codes in ISO 3166". davros.org. 2003-07-25. https://www.davros.org/misc/iso3166.html.
30. ↑ "EA -". https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:EA.
31. ↑ "Codes for the representation of names of countries". International Organization for Standardization. 15 December 1974. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84-00933R000300200012-6.pdf.
32. ↑ "ISO 3166-1 decoding table". https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SF.
33. ↑ Clive Feather (2003-07-25). "Country codes in ISO 3166 (Table 2: codes withdrawn from use)". http://www.davros.org/misc/iso3166.html#disused.

## Sources and external links

* ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency, International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
* Online Browsing Platform (OBP) -- searchable list of country codes
* Text file (English, 2016)
* XML file (English, 2016)
* Reserved code elements under ISO 3166-1 "Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes", available on request from ISO 3166/MA
* The World Factbook (public domain), Central Intelligence Agency
* Appendix D - Country Data Codes -- comparison of FIPS 10, ISO 3166, and STANAG 1059 country codes
* Core Datasets Project ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 English country names and code elements (HTML, CSV, JSON)
* Core Datasets Project Comprehensive country codes: ISO 3166, ITU, ISO 4217 currency codes and many more (HTML, CSV, JSON)
* Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids"), Statoids.com
* Country codes -- comparison of ISO 3166-1 country codes with other country codes
* ISO 3166-1 Change History