Lake Superior archipelago in northern Wisconsin For the islands in the Crozet Archipelago, see Îlots des Apôtres. Apostle Islands Ashland County, Wisconsin, from 1895 U.S. Atlas with Apostle Islands located in the north Apostle Islands Show map of Wisconsin Apostle Islands Show map of the United States Geography Location| Lake Superior Coordinates| 46°57′55″N 90°39′51″W / 46.96528°N 90.66417°W / 46.96528; -90.66417Coordinates: 46°57′55″N 90°39′51″W / 46.96528°N 90.66417°W / 46.96528; -90.66417 The Apostle Islands are a group of 22 islands in Lake Superior, off the Bayfield Peninsula in northern Wisconsin.[1] The majority of the islands are located in Ashland County--only Sand, York, Eagle, and Raspberry Islands are located in Bayfield County. All the islands except for Madeline Island are part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. The islands in Ashland County are all in the Town of La Pointe, except for Long Island, which is in the Town of Sanborn, while those in Bayfield County are in the Towns of Russell and Bayfield. ## Environment[edit] "The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore provides regionally diverse and unique plant communities."[2] "Over 800 plant species occur within the lakeshore, including Wisconsin listed endangered and threatened species."[2] The Apostles are dominated by boreal forest, composed largely of white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea), often mixed with white birch (Betula papyrifera), white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), white pine (Pinus strobus), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). On Madeline Island, Stockton Island, and several other islands, a unique bog dune ecosystem can be found near deep bays and enclosed lagoons. According to the National Park Service, "One of the greatest concentrations of black bears in North America is found on Stockton Island in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Bears also regularly inhabit Sand and Oak islands, and, due to their mobility, may be found on just about any of the Apostle Islands."[3] Sea caves at Devils Island "The Lakeshore provides important nesting habitat for the following colonial nesting birds: herring and ring-billed gulls, double-crested cormorants, great blue herons, and cliff swallows. Gull and Eagle Islands combined have 88% of the lakeshore's breeding herring gull populations and 80% of the herring gull breeding population on the entire Wisconsin shore of Lake Superior. Eagle Island has the only great blue heron rookery in the park."[4] ## Sea caves[edit] Some winters the lake freezes solid enough that the Park Service lets people walk from Meyers Beach across the lake ice to see the caves. Good examples of the sea caves of the Great Lakes are located on the shorelines of the Apostle Islands. Examples include the following locations: Swallow Point on Sand Island, the North Shore of Devils Island, and near Mawikwe[5] Bay on the mainland. Arches and delicate chambers are visible. During the winters, visitors can see frozen waterfalls and chambers filled with delicate icicles. ## History[edit] Though archeological finds have pointed to traces of human activity as early as 100 BC, the earliest known full-time settlers to the islands were Anishinaabe peoples migrating from the east coast beginning in around 950 AD, following the waterways comprising the established trade routes that had connected the eastern nations to western nations for thousands of years. Details and stories of these migration were preserved in the birch bark scrolls, Some can now be seen being preserved in the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C. As these migrations continued west, they created several prominent settlements, but when the wild rice growing in the marshes of the shallow Chequamegon Bay, they made Mooningwanekaaning (now Madeline Island) their capital, with settlements on Stockton Island and Manitou Island as well as along the shoreline. On and around these islands, the Ojibwa people discovered and innovated agricultural advancements, including excavating copper deposits and creating specialized tools for agriculture, hunting and fishing, the use of canoes in rice harvesting, conjugal collaborative farming, and the Three Sisters Crop Complex, enabling the Ojibwa to greatly expand their population, territory and power outward in all directions creating an enormous nation. However, these rapid advances in technology, along with five more centuries of migration from the east, also caused divisive ideological disagreements over traditionalism, and ultimately, the Potowatomi, Ottawa, and other tribes split off, leaving the Ojibwe alone wielding full control over the entire Lake Superior region, with the Islands remaining their current power center, but all the many Mississippi nations' ancient cultural and spiritual home. When the early French traders arrived around 1640, the capital city on Madeline Island was given the name La Pointe, and by 1693 it was fortified and included as an official Trading Post city in the Empire of New France, but with the westward expansion of European colonialism, conflicts boiled into formal wars from 1775 onward. Over the next 35 years, as more and more Native populations were concentrated into increasingly smaller areas, these areas became unable to provide sustenance for the swelling populations, and in 1811, the recognized principal Chief Buffalo from La Pointe led an army of Ojibwa to fight in Tecumseh's War against the U.S.. However, he had a change of heart and pursued diplomacy when he met Michel Caddotte in Sault Ste Marie, who convinced him that by avoiding violence against the US, he could negotiate better treaties for the Ojibwa people. Though the American flag was hoisted over the Islands in 1816, Chief Buffalo fought decades of the United States' government and mining and lumber capitalists continual and sometimes deadly efforts to completely remove the Ojibwe people, successfully securing permanent reserves of land including the mainland coastline nearest the Islands for the Red Cliff band, as well as entire reservations for other bands in the region. The islands were renamed the Apostle Islands by New France historian Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix,[6] who renamed them after the 12 apostles (for the 12 largest islands).[7] ## Islands[edit] All islands lie in the Town of La Pointe, in Ashland County, unless indicated otherwise. Name | Size (Acres) | Notes | | Madeline Island | 15359.45 Acres | "Mooniingwanekaaning", Largest, inhabited, & not part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Stockton Island | 9892.46 Acres | "Gigawekamingo" Gull Island | 3.51 Acres | "Gayaashko", The smallest island Eagle Island | 27.7 Acres | "Naabikwaani", Westernmost; in Town of Bayfield, Bayfield County Outer Island | 7860.88 Acres | "Gichi-ishkwaayaan", Easternmost and northernmost, site of Outer Island Lighthouse Oak Island | 5024.09 Acres | "Mitigominikaani" Sand Island | 2859.33 Acres | "Waabaabikaa", In Town of Bayfield, Bayfield County, site of Sand Island Lighthouse Basswood Island | 1914.28 Acres | "Wiigobiish" Bear Island | 1814.03 Acres | "Makwa" Michigan Island | 1538.74 Acres | "Bagidaabii", Site of Michigan Island Lighthouse Hermit Island | 787.60 Acres | "Eshkwegwindeg" Cat Island | 1339.07 Acres | "Gaagaagiwanzhiikaag" Otter Island | 1322.68 Acres | "Anweshin-nigig" Manitou Island | 1325.20 Acres | "Manidoo" Rocky Island | 1049.32 Acres | "Ziinzibaakwado" Long Island | 308.7 Acres | "Zaagawaamikong", Southernmost; not geologically part of the Apostle Islands, but rather an extension of Chequamegon Point; in Town of Sanborn, Ashland County Ironwood Island | 666.05 Acres | "Gaa-maananoonsi" York Island | 273.83 Acres | "Miskwaabiimizhikaag", In Town of Russell, Bayfield County Raspberry Island | 287.6 Acres | "Miskominikaani", In Town of Russell, Bayfield County, site of Raspberry Island Lighthouse Devils Island | 310.28 Acres | "Maji-manidoo", Site of Devils Island Lighthouse South Twin Island | 336.37 Acres | "Waaboozo" North Twin Island | 165.7 Acres | "Miskwasinikaag" (source (except for Native American place names)) ## Climate[edit] Taken by Resourcesat-2 on March 24, 2022 | Apostle Islands Climate chart (explanation) | | | | | | | | | | | −11 −16 −12 −17 163 147 100 142 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: [8] | Imperial conversion J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D 2.7 2.9 2.5 3.4 6.4 5.8 3.9 5.6 3.4 3.4 3.7 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches ## See also[edit] * Apostle Islands Lighthouses * Apostle Islands National Lakeshore * La Pointe, Wisconsin * La Pointe (community), Wisconsin * Big Bay State Park * Islands of the Midwest * List of islands of the United States * Islands of the Great Lakes * Populated islands of the Great Lakes * Kechewaishke ## References[edit] 1. ^ "Apostle Islands". 2. ^ a b Plants Archived May 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. National Park Service. 4 March 2008. 3. ^ Bear of the Apostles. Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine National Park Service. 4 March 2008. 4. ^ Birds. 8 January 2008. National Park Service. 4 March 2008. 5. ^ "Squaw Bay gets new name". Duluth News Tribune. 15 June 2007. 6. ^ Historic Diaries: James Doty, 1820; Wisconsin Historical Society; Retrieved July 26, 2008 7. ^ Paprock, John-Brian; Teresa Peneguy Paprock (2001). Sacred Sites of Wisconsin. Big Earth Publishing. p. 105\. ISBN 1-931599-01-7. 8. ^ "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2016. ## External links[edit] * "Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (U.S. National Park Service)". * Friends of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore web site * Madeline Island History Museum * "Apostle Islands | PDF". "A Unique Collection of Islands" book * "Lake Superior Trials". "Lake Superior Trials" public radio report * v * t * e Apostle Islands Islands| * Madeline Island * Stockton Island * Gull Island * Eagle Island * Outer Island * Oak Island * Sand Island * Basswood Island * Bear Island * Michigan Island * Hermit Island * Cat Island * Otter Island * Manitou Island * Rocky Island * Long Island * Ironwood Island * York Island * Raspberry Island * Devils Island * South Twin Island * North Twin Island Lighthouses| * Michigan Island Light * Raspberry Island Light * Outer Island Light * Sand Island Light * Devils Island Light * Gull Island Light * La Pointe Light * Chequamegon Point Light * Ashland Harbor Breakwater Light Shipwrecks| * Antelope * Big Bay sloop * City of Ashland * D.R. Owen * Lucerne * Manistee * Marquette * Moonlight * Noquebay * Ottawa * Pretoria * R.G. Stewart * Sevona * Ira H. Owen * T.H. Camp Related historic sites| * Hadland Fishing Camp * Bass Island Brownstone Company Quarry * La Pointe Indian Cemetery * Manitou Camp * Rocky Island Historic District * Madeline Island Historical Museum Protected designations| * Apostle Islands National Lakeshore * Big Bay State Park * v * t * e Chequamegon Bay Communities| * Ashland * Washburn * Bayfield * La Pointe * Red Cliff * Odanah Related Geographic Aspects| * Apostle Islands * Bad River * Bayfield Peninsula * Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest * Chequamegon Point Light * Lake Superior * Lake Superior Lowland * U.S. Route 2 * Wisconsin Highway 13 * Whittlesey Creek National Wildlife Refuge Local Native American Tribes| * Bad River * Red Cliff * La Pointe (historical) * v * t * e State of Wisconsin Madison (capital) Topics| * Outline * Agriculture * Dairy industry * Geography * Islands * Lakes * Governors * Delegations * History * People * Sports * Symbols * Tourist attractions Society| * Administrative divisions * Crime * Culture * Demographics * Economy * Education * Politics Regions| * Apostle Islands * Central Plain * Chippewa Valley * Door Peninsula * Driftless Area * Eastern Ridges and Lowlands * Fox River Valley * Great River Road * Lake Superior Lowland * Northern Highland * Western Upland Major metropolitan areas (pop. over 500,000)| * Chicago metropolitan area * Madison metropolitan area * Milwaukee metropolitan area * Twin Cities metropolitan area Largest cities (pop. over 50,000)| * Appleton * Eau Claire * Green Bay * Janesville * Kenosha * La Crosse * Madison * Milwaukee * Oshkosh * Racine * Waukesha * West Allis Smaller cities (pop. 15,000 to 50,000)| * Beaver Dam * Beloit * Brookfield * Cudahy * De Pere * Fitchburg * Fond du Lac * Franklin * Greenfield * Hartford * Hudson * Kaukauna * Manitowoc * Marshfield * Menasha * Menomonie * Mequon * Middleton * Muskego * Neenah * New Berlin * Oak Creek * Oconomowoc * Onalaska * River Falls * Sheboygan * South Milwaukee * Stevens Point * Sun Prairie * Superior * Watertown * Wausau * Wauwatosa * West Bend * Wisconsin Rapids Largest villages (pop. over 15,000)| * Ashwaubenon * Bellevue * Caledonia * Fox Crossing * Germantown * Howard * Menomonee Falls * Mount Pleasant * Pleasant Prairie Counties| * Adams * Ashland * Barron * Bayfield * Brown * Buffalo * Burnett * Calumet * Chippewa * Clark * Columbia * Crawford * Dane * Dodge * Door * Douglas * Dunn * Eau Claire * Florence * Fond du Lac * Forest * Grant * Green * Green Lake * Iowa * Iron * Jackson * Jefferson * Juneau * Kenosha * Kewaunee * La Crosse * Lafayette * Langlade * Lincoln * Manitowoc * Marathon * Marinette * Marquette * Menominee * Milwaukee * Monroe * Oconto * Oneida * Outagamie * Ozaukee * Pepin * Pierce * Polk * Portage * Price * Racine * Richland * Rock * Rusk * Sauk * Sawyer * Shawano * Sheboygan * St. Croix * Taylor * Trempealeau * Vernon * Vilas * Walworth * Washburn * Washington * Waukesha * Waupaca * Waushara * Winnebago * Wood Wisconsin portal * v * t * e Great Lakes of North America Main lakes| * Erie * Huron * Michigan * Ontario * Superior Secondary lakes| * Nipigon * Nipissing * Simcoe * St. Clair * Winnebago Bays and channels| | Erie| * Maumee Bay * Presque Isle Bay * Sandusky Bay | Huron| * Georgian Bay * Nottawasaga Bay * Lake George * Munuscong Lake * North Channel * Potagannissing Bay * Saginaw Bay * St. Joseph Channel * Thunder Bay Michigan| * Grand Traverse Bay * Green Bay * Big Bay de Noc * Little Bay de Noc * Porte des Morts * Sturgeon Bay * Manitou Passage Ontario| * Hamilton Harbour * Humber Bay * Sodus Bay * Toronto Bay * Wellers Bay Superior| * Au Train Bay * Chequamegon Bay * Huron Bay * Keweenaw Bay * Pokegama Bay * Superior Bay * Thunder Bay * Whitefish Bay * Batchawana Bay * Goulais Bay St. Clair| * Anchor Bay Waterways| * Detroit River * Erie Canal * French River * Great Lakes Waterway * Niagara River * Nipigon River * St. Clair River * St. Lawrence River * St. Lawrence Seaway * St. Marys River * Sault Ste. Marie Canal * Soo Locks * Straits of Mackinac * Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal * Trent–Severn Waterway * Welland Canal Islands| * Apostle Islands * Detroit River Islands * Isle Royale National Park Islands * Isle Royale * Lake Erie Islands * Manitoulin Island * Lake Kagawong * Lake Manitou * Lake Mindemoya * Treasure Island * Province of Ontario Islands * State of Michigan Islands * Lake Huron Islands * Populated * Potawatomi Islands Historic geology| * Champlain Sea * Glacial Lake Iroquois * Lake Admiralty * Lake Agassiz * Lake Algonquin * Lake Chicago * Lake Frontenac * Lake Maumee * Lake Stanley * Last Glacial Maximum * Midcontinent Rift System * Niagara Escarpment * Nipissing Great Lakes * Scotch Bonnet Ridge * Wisconsin glaciation Organizations| * Alliance for the Great Lakes * Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers * Great Lakes Areas of Concern * Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program * Great Lakes Charter * Great Lakes Commission * Great Lakes Compact * Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory * Great Lakes Fishery Commission * Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement * International Joint Commission * Municipalities * Cities Related topics| * Basin * Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac * Circle Tour * Crossings * Great Loop * Lake breeze * Lake-effect snow * Lake freighter * Lake Michigan–Huron * Lake Michigan Triangle * Lake surfing * Marine protected areas * Marysburgh vortex * Megalopolis * Museum and historic ships * Ports * Quebec City–Windsor Corridor * Region * Laurentia * Shipwrecks * Storms * Third Coast * Treaties Lakes portal Authority control General| * VIAF * 1 * WorldCat (via VIAF) National libraries| * Israel * United States Other| * National Archives (US) *[v]: View this template *[t]: Discuss this template *[e]: Edit this template